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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Studies in the History of Science and Technology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Studies in the History of Science and Technology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы истории естествознания и техники</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0205-9606</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-041X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">671610</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S020596060024503-5</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>From the History of Science</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Из истории естествознания</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Early Studies of Ice Strength Properties for the Purposes of Icebreaker Construction in Russia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Первые исследования прочностных свойств льда в России для нужд ледоколостроения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sazonov</surname><given-names>Kirill E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сазонов</surname><given-names>Кирилл Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>redakcia-viet@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Krylov State Research Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Крыловский государственный научный центр</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный морской технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>44</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 44, NO1 (2023)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 44, №1 (2023)</issue-title><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-27"><day>27</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniâ i tehniki</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Вопросы истории естествознания и техники</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniâ i tehniki</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вопросы истории естествознания и техники</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://gynecology.orscience.ru/0205-9606/article/view/671610">https://gynecology.orscience.ru/0205-9606/article/view/671610</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p> Icebreaker construction that began to develop in Russia and Europe in the second half of the 19th century dictated the need for seafarers and shipbuilders to study the ice covers of the freezing waters as navigation environment. One of the most important characteristics on which the ships’ ice-breaking capabilities depend is ice strength. The problem of sea and freshwater ice strength was particularly urgent for Vice Admiral S. O. Makarov when he was putting the case for building the first Arctic icebreaker Yermak. It was for this reason that he initiated these studies. At about the same time, a renowned shipbuilder V. I. Afanasiev also came to the conclusion that it was necessary to study ice strength properties, and carried out a number of experiments together with his son. Makarov engaged A. N. Krylov, Superintendent of the Towing Tank, in the experimental data analysis. The article describes the history of, and analyzes the conclusions from, these experiments that for a long time remained the only source of data on strength properties of sea and freshwater ice.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Развитие ледоколостроения в России и европейских странах, начавшееся во второй половине XIX в., закономерно привело моряков и судостроителей к необходимости изучения ледяного покрова замерзающих акваторий как среды мореплавания. Одной из важнейших характеристик льда, оказывающей важное влияние на ледокольные способности судна, является его прочность. Особенно остро вопрос о крепости морского и пресноводного льда встал перед вице-адмиралом С. О. Макаровым в период его борьбы за создание первого арктического ледокола «Ермак». Поэтому именно он явился инициатором проведения таких исследований. Примерно в одно и то же время с Макаровым к выводу о необходимости исследования прочностных свойств льда пришел известный корабел В. И. Афанасьев, который вместе со своим сыном выполнил ряд экспериментов. К анализу полученных экспериментальных данных Макаров привлек заведующего опытным бассейном А. Н. Крылова. В данной статье описывается история проведения указанных экспериментов и анализируются полученные выводы, которые надолго стали практически единственными данными о прочностных свойствах морского и пресного льда. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ice strength</kwd><kwd>freshwater ice</kwd><kwd>sea ice</kwd><kwd>S. O. Makarov</kwd><kwd>V. I. Afanasiev</kwd><kwd>A. N. Krylov</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>прочность льда</kwd><kwd>пресный лед</kwd><kwd>морской лед</kwd><kwd>С. О. Макаров</kwd><kwd>В. И. Афанасьев</kwd><kwd>А. Н. Крылов</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Andrienko, V. G. (2009) Ledokol’nyi flot Rossii, 1860-e – 1918 gg. [Icebreaking Fleet of Russia, 1860s – 1918]. 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