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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Studies in the History of Science and Technology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Studies in the History of Science and Technology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вопросы истории естествознания и техники</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0205-9606</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-041X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">686656</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0205960625020021</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HVSQBA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>From the History of Science</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Из истории естествознания</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Mathematical Thinking Tools in the History of Mathematics (Based on the Theory of Positive Operators)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Математические мыслительные средства в истории математики (на материале теории положительных операторов)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogatov</surname><given-names>Egor M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богатов</surname><given-names>Егор Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>embogatov@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borovskikh</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боровских</surname><given-names>Алексей Владиславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>bor.bor@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Gubkin Branch of the MISIS National Research University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Филиал Национального исследовательского технологического университета «МИСИС» в г. Губкине</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Stary Oskol Technological Institute of the MISIS National Research University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Старооскольский технологический институт им. А. А. Угарова (филиал Национального исследовательского технологического университета «МИСИС»)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific and Educational Mathematical Center of the Khetagurov North Ossetian State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-образовательный математический центр Северо-Осетинского государственного университета им. К. Л. Хетагурова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>46</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>235</fpage><lpage>251</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-04"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-04"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://gynecology.orscience.ru/0205-9606/article/view/686656">https://gynecology.orscience.ru/0205-9606/article/view/686656</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The work outlines a not entirely traditional approach to the study of the history of mathematics, associated with distinguishing the systems of mathematical thought tools (symbolic, conceptual, ideal), which allow representing and operating various types of relationships, characteristic of a particular branch of mathematics. With this approach, the main task for the history of mathematics is the analysis of the emergence, evolution, and transformation of the systems of its thinking tools, from the standpoint of expanding the horizons of knowledge and reaching new levels of abstraction, and broadening the array of methods for using such tools. To demonstrate the results of application of this approach, the authors examined one of the sections of functional analysis, the theory of positive operators, in the context of the history of its genesis and initial development from the mid-1900s to the 1960s. On this path, key thinking tools related to the finite-dimensional period of development of the theory (positive matrices, oscillatory matrices, etc.) and expressing the relationships between its significant mathematical entities (Perronʼs theorem) were identified. In addition, the first steps were made towards comprehending further transformation of the said tools (the concept of a cone, the definition of positive functionals and operators) and mathematical relationships (Jentzsch’s and Urysohn’s theorems in the integral and abstract forms, etc.). The results obtained by O. Kellogg, C. Sturm, M. G. Krein, F. R. Gantmakher, M. A. Rutman, M. A. Krasnoselskii, L. A. Ladyzhenskii and other mathematicians are discussed in the article.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В работе намечается не вполне традиционный подход к изучению истории математики, который связан с выделением систем математических мыслительных средств (знаковых, понятийных, идеальных), позволяющих представлять различные типы отношений, характерные для конкретной ветви математики, и оперировать с ними. Основная задача истории математики при таком подходе – это анализ появления, эволюции и трансформации систем ее мыслительных средств как с точки зрения расширения горизонтов познания и выхода на новые уровни абстракции, так и с позиций пополнения арсенала методов использования таких средств. Для демонстрации результатов применения такого подхода авторами был рассмотрен один из разделов функционального анализа – теория положительных операторов – в контексте истории его генезиса и начального развития в период с середины 1900-х по 1960-е гг. На этом пути были выявлены ключевые мыслительные средства, относящиеся к конечномерному периоду развития указанной теории (положительные матрицы, осцилляционные матрицы и др.) и выражающие отношения между ее значимыми математическими сущностями (теорема Перрона). Кроме того, были сделаны первые шаги по пути осмысления дальнейшей трансформации указанных средств (понятие конуса, определение положительных функционалов и операторов) и математических отношений (теоремы Ентча и Урысона в интегральном и абстрактном виде и др.). Обсуждаются результаты, полученные О. Келлогом, Ш. Штурмом, М. Г. Крейном, Ф. Р. Гантмахером, М. А. Рутманом, М. А. Красносельским, Л. А. Ладыженским и другими математиками.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>history of mathematics</kwd><kwd>thinking tool</kwd><kwd>relationship between mathematical entities</kwd><kwd>development of mathematics</kwd><kwd>theory of positive operators</kwd><kwd>cone theory</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>история математики</kwd><kwd>мыслительное средство</kwd><kwd>отношение между математическими сущностями</kwd><kwd>развитие математики</kwd><kwd>теория положительных операторов</kwd><kwd>теория конусов</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ascoli, G. (1932) Sugli spazi lineari metrici e le loro varietà lineari, Annali di matematica pura ed applicata, vol. 10, pp. 33–81.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Bogatov, E. M. 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