GynecologyGynecology2079-56962079-5831Consilium Medicum3005610.26442/2079-5696_2018.4.9-11Review ArticleCancer of the vulva: genetic aspects of pathogenesisSobolevV V-NevozinskayaZ Amarykor@bk.ruSobolevaA G-KorsunskayaI M-Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology of the Russian Academy of SciencesI.I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and SeraMoscow Scientific and Practical Center of Dermatology and Venereology and Cosmetology of the Department of Health of Moscow1508201820491109042020Copyright © 2018, Consilium Medicum2018The review is devoted to genetic research in cancer of the vulva. In genetic changes, the mutation irreversibly changes the nucleotide sequence of DNA, or the number of copies of chromosomes changes per cell. In epigenetics, the nucleotide sequence remains unchanged, but gene activity is regulated by methylation of DNA or modification of histones. Most of the studies analyzed are devoted to the study of mutations in the TP53 gene. Many studies indicate that somatic mutations are more common in HPV-negative than in HPV-positive patients. Epigenetic studies in the main devoted to hypermethylation. The gene CDKN2A is most often studied in epigenetic terms. For most of the studied genes, hypermethylation occurs more often in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva than in the precursors.vulvar cancergeneticsepigeneticshuman papillomavirusрак вульвыгенетикаэпигенетикавирус папилломы человека[Stewart B.W, Wild C; International Agency for Research on Cancer; World Health Organization. World cancer report 2014. Lyon; Geneva. International Agency for Research on Cancer ; Distributed by WHO Press, 2014. http: //search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=979458.][Gadducci A, Tana R, Barsotti C et al. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 83 (1): 71-83.][Pino M, Rodriguez-Carunchio L, Ordi J. Histopathology 2013; 62 (1): 161-75.][Schuurman M.S, van den Einden L.C, Massuger L.F et al. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49 (18): 3872-80.][Van de Nieuwenhof H.P, Massuger L.F, van der Avoort I.A et al. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45 (5): 851-6.][Glenn McCluggage W. Pathology 2013; 45 (3): 214-28.][Pinto A.P, Miron A, Yassin Y et al. Mod Pathol 2010; 23 (3): 404-12.][Van der Avoort I.A, Shirango H, Hoevenaars B.M et al. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25 (1): 22-9.][Rolfe K., Eva L.J, MacLean A.B et al. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2001; 11 (2): 113-8.][Kokka F, Singh N, Faruqi A et al. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21 (7): 1297-305.][Rolfe K.J, MacLean A.B, Crow J.C et al. British J Cancer 2003; 89 (12): 2249-53.][Choschzick M, Hantaredja W, Tennstedt P et al. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30 (5): 497-504.][Raspollini M.R, Asirelli G, Moncini D, Taddei G.L. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197 (6): 592.e1-592.e5.][Holway A.H, Rieger-Christ K.M, Miner W.R et al. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6 (8): 3228-35.][Soufir N, Queille S, Liboutet M et al. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156 (3): 448-53.][Pilotti S, Donghi R, D’Amato L et al. Diagn Mol Pathol 1993; 2 (4): 248-56.][Kurvinen K, Tervahauta A, Syrjänen S et al. Anticancer Res 1994; 14 (1A): 177-81.][Lee Y.Y, Wilczynski S.P, Chumakov A et al. Oncogene 1994; 9 (6): 1655-9.][Pilotti S, D’Amato L, Della Torre G et al. Diagn Mol Pathol 1995; 4 (4): 239-48.][Milde-Langosch K, Albrecht K, Joram S et al. Int J Cancer 1995; 63 (5): 639-45.][Kim Y-T, Thomas N.F, Kessis T.D et al. Human Pathology 1996; 27 (4): 389-95.][Sliutz G, Schmidt W, Tempfer C et al. Gynecol Oncol 1997; 64 (1): 93-8.][Ngan H.Y, Cheung A.N, Liu S et al. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35 (3): 481-4.][Flowers L.C, Wistuba I.I, Scurry J et al. J Soc Gynecol Investig 1999; 6 (4): 213-21.][Marin M.C, Jost C.A, Brooks L.A et al. Nat Genet 2000; 25 (1): 47-54.][Brooks L.A, Tidy J.A, Gusterson B et al. Cancer Res 2000; 60 (24): 6875-7.][Wada H, Enomoto T, Yoshino K et al. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 114 (3): 371-9.][O’Nions J, Brooks L.A, Sullivan A et al. Br J Cancer 2001; 85 (10): 1551-6.][Vanin K, Scurry J, Thorne H et al. J Investig Dermatol 2002; 119 (5): 1027-33.][Reddy A, Yuille M, Sullivan A et al. Br J Cancer 2002; 86 (5): 756-60.][Gasco M, Sullivan A, Repellin C et al. Oncogene 2002; 21 (12): 1876-81.][Chulvis do Val I.C, Almeida Filho G.L, Valiante P.M et al. J Reprod Med 2004; 49 (11): 868-74.][Almeida G, do Val I, Gondim C et al. J Reprod Med 2004; 49 (10): 796-9.][Osakabe M, Hayashi M, Katayama Y et al. Pathol Int 2007; 57 (6): 322-7.][Tapp R.A, Feng J, Wesley J.J et al. J Investig Dermatol 2007; 127 (11): 2563-76.][Aulmann S, Schleibaum J, Penzel R et al. J Clin Pathol 2008; 61 (9): 1034-7.][Gambichler T, Terras S, Kreuter A, Skrygan M. Br J Dermatol 2014; 170 (3): 687-93.][Trietsch M.D, Spaans V.M, ter Haar N.T et al. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135 (1): 149-55.][Hay C.M, Lachance J.A, Lucas F.L et al. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2016; 20 (3): 252-6.][Qvick A, Sorbe B, Helenius G et al. Med Oncol 2017; 34 (3). http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12032-017-0893-6][Kashofer K, Regauer S. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 146 (2): 314-8.][Carrone A, Riganelli L, Savone D et al. Tumori 2017; 103 (6): 511-5.][Sznurkowski J.J, Żawrocki A, Biernat W. Oncotarget 2017; 8 (28). http://www.oncotarget.com/fulltext/17581][Cao H, Wang S, Zhang Z, Lou J. PLoS ONE 2016; 11 (3): e0152459.][Growdon W.B, Boisvert S.L, Akhavanfard S et al. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 111 (2): 289-97.][Lavorato-Rocha A.M, Anjos L.G, Cunha I.W et al. Methods 2015; 77-8: 20-4.][Prigge E-S, Urban K, Stiegler S et al. Hum Pathol 2014; 45 (11): 2347-54.][Palisoul M.L, Mullen M.M, Feldman R, Thaker P.H. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 146 (2): 305-13.][Spaans V.M, Trietsch M.D, Crobach S et al. PLoS ONE 2014; 9 (3): e93451.][Watkins J.C, Howitt B.E, Horowitz N.S et al. Mod Pathol 2017; 30 (3): 448-58.][Trietsch M.D, Nooij L.S, Gaarenstroom K.N, van Poelgeest M.I.E. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 136 (1): 143-57.][Bryndorf T, Kirchhoff M, Larsen et al. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 106 (1): 43-8.][Micci F, Panagopoulos I, Haugom L et al. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52 (6): 551-63.][Lavorato-Rocha A.M, de Melo Maia B, Rodrigues I.S et al. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20 (1): 31-9.][Yangling O, Shulang Z, Rongli C et al. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2007; 28 (6): 442-6.][Scheistrøen M, Tropé C, Pettersen E.O, Nesland J.M. Cancer 1999; 85 (5): 1133-8.][Worsham M.J, Chen K.M, Meduri V et al. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 132 (6): 668.][Guerrero D, Guarch R, Ojer A et al. Int J Cancer 2011; 128 (12): 2853-64.][Kelemen L.E, Köbel M, Chan A et al. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013: 815894.][Oonk M.H, Eijsink J.J, Volders H.H et al. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125 (2): 352-7.][Lerma E, Esteller M, Herman J.G, Prat J. Hum Pathol 2002; 33 (11): 1120-5.][Aidé S, Lattario F.R, Almeida G et al. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2010; 14 (4): 282-6.][Guerrero-Setas D, Pérez-Janices N, Ojer A et al. Histopathology 2013; 63 (5): 659-69.]