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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Gynecology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Gynecology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гинекология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2079-5696</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2079-5831</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">684867</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/20795696.2025.2.203308</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Pharmacological aspects of hyaluronic acid metabolism: A review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гиалуроновая кислота и гиалуронидаза: от молекулярных механизмов к клиническому применению</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9441-3468</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kareva</surname><given-names>Elena N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карева</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof.</p> <p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф., проф. каф. молекулярной фармакологии и радиобиологии им. акад. П.В. Сергеева, проф. каф. фармакологии Института биодизайна и моделирования живых систем Научно-технологического парка биомедицины</p> <p> </p></bio><email>kareva_e_n@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8909-8805</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Donskov</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Донсков</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>surgeon, Medical Adviser</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-хирург, мед. советник</p></bio><email>kareva_e_n@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University)&#13;
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">NPO Petrovax Pharm LLC</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff3"><institution>ООО «НПО Петровакс Фарм»</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>157</fpage><lpage>171</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-17"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-17"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://gynecology.orscience.ru/2079-5831/article/view/684867">https://gynecology.orscience.ru/2079-5831/article/view/684867</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a key component of the extracellular matrix involved in regulating inflammation, fibrosis, and tissue repair. Its biological properties depend on molecular weight: high-molecular-weight HA (HMW-HA) exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, whereas low-molecular-weight fragments (LMW-HA) induce inflammation and fibrosis by activating CD44, TLR, and RHAMM receptors. An imbalance between these forms may contribute to chronic inflammatory and fibrotic processes. HA metabolism is regulated by synthases (HAS) and hyaluronidases (HYAL). During chronic inflammation, HYAL-2 degrades HMW-HA into LMW-HA, which accumulates and sustains the inflammatory response. Native hyaluronidase preparations have limited efficacy due to rapid inactivation. Conjugation of the enzyme with azoximer enhances its resistance to inhibitors and proteases while prolonging its action. Bovhyaluronidase azoximer (Longidaza) breaks down pro-inflammatory LMW-HA into safe ultra-low-molecular-weight fragments, suppressing inflammation and fibrosis. The drug is active in the acidic environment of inflamed tissues without damaging healthy tissue. Its anti-fibrotic and anti-adhesive properties have been confirmed experimentally and clinically. Clinical studies demonstrate the drug’s efficacy in various fields: preventing postoperative adhesions, treating fibrotic changes in pulmonology, and correcting scars in dermatology. Thus, modulation of HA metabolism using conjugated hyaluronidase represents a promising approach for managing chronic inflammatory and fibrotic conditions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Гиалуроновая кислота (ГК) − ключевой компонент внеклеточного матрикса, участвующий в регуляции процессов воспаления, фиброза и репарации тканей. Ее биологические свойства зависят от молекулярной массы: высокомолекулярная ГК обладает противовоспалительным действием, тогда как низкомолекулярные фрагменты индуцируют воспаление и фиброз через активацию рецепторов CD44, Toll-like рецепторы, RHAMM (Receptor for Hyaloronic Acid-Mediated Motility) и др. Дисбаланс между этими формами может способствовать развитию хронических воспалительных и фибротических процессов. Метаболизм ГК контролируется гиалуронансинтазами (HAS) и гиалуронидазами (HYAL). При хроническом воспалении HYAL-2 расщепляет высокомолекулярную ГК до низкомолекулярной ГК, которая накапливается и поддерживает воспалительный ответ. Препараты нативной гиалуронидазы имеют ограниченную эффективность из-за быстрой инактивации. Конъюгация фермента с азоксимером повышает его устойчивость к ингибиторам и протеазам, а также пролонгирует действие препарата. Бовгиалуронидазы азоксимер (Лонгидаза) разрушает провоспалительную низкомолекулярную ГК до безопасных ультранизкомолекулярных фрагментов, подавляя воспаление и фиброз. Препарат активен в кислой среде очага воспаления, не повреждает здоровые ткани. Противофиброзные и противоспаечные свойства препарата показаны в экспериментальных работах и клинических исследованиях. Результаты клинических исследований подтверждают эффективность препарата в различных областях в виде профилактики формирования спаек после хирургических вмешательств, снижения выраженности фиброзных изменений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hyaluronic acid</kwd><kwd>metabolism</kwd><kwd>biosynthesis</kwd><kwd>degradation</kwd><kwd>hyaluronidase</kwd><kwd>extracellular matrix</kwd><kwd>bovhyaluronidase azoximer</kwd><kwd>Longidaza</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гиалуроновая кислота</kwd><kwd>метаболизм</kwd><kwd>биосинтез</kwd><kwd>деградация</kwd><kwd>гиалуронидаза</kwd><kwd>внеклеточный матрикс</kwd><kwd>бовгиалуронидаза азоксимер</kwd><kwd>Лонгидаза</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The paper was prepared with the financial support of NPO Petrovax Pharm LLC</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Материал подготовлен и опубликован при финансовой поддержке ООО «НПО Петровакс Фарм»</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Carvalho AM, Reis RL, Pashkuleva I. 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