<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Gynecology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Gynecology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гинекология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2079-5696</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2079-5831</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">692617</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/20795696.2026.1.203566</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The potential role of epigenetic factors in the development of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: A review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Потенциальная роль эпигенетических факторов в развитии функциональной гипоталамической аменореи</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8558-4687</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermakova</surname><given-names>Daria M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермакова</surname><given-names>Дарья Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, науч. сотр.</p></bio><email>f_rakhmonova@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6615-9426</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakhmonova</surname><given-names>Farzona S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рахмонова</surname><given-names>Фарзона Сабуровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>f_rakhmonova@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1116-138X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgushina</surname><given-names>Nataliya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгушина</surname><given-names>Наталия Витальевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф., зам. дир. по научной работе</p></bio><email>f_rakhmonova@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии имени академика В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>43</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-16"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-04"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://gynecology.orscience.ru/2079-5831/article/view/692617">https://gynecology.orscience.ru/2079-5831/article/view/692617</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a condition that occurs as a result of a malfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in women of reproductive age due to effects of environmental factors, many of which are widely known. However, the factors that determine the individual predisposition to this condition, as well as the duration and severity of its course, remain unexplored. Epigenetic modifications that alter gene activity without altering DNA structure are among the most promising markers of many diseases, including those involving the hypothalamus-pituitary system. The pathogenetic role of one of the key epigenetic regulators in the genesis of these diseases – non-coding RNAs – is actively being studied. Also, the potential of using non-coding RNAs as therapeutic agents in some conditions is being investigated. The purpose of the review was to systematize the literature data on the potential role of microRNAs as one of the most actively studied epigenetic regulators in the pathogenesis of FHA. The main types of epigenetic modifications and current data on their role in the development of diseases involving the hypothalamus-pituitary system, as well as conditions associated with FHA, are described. The study of epigenetic regulators whose activity is altered by external factors in FHA development is highly promising. Moreover, further studies are needed to evaluate the potential of epigenetic regulators as therapeutic agents in patients with FHA to improve treatment effectiveness and minimize the adverse consequences of the disease on reproductive and somatic health.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Функциональная гипоталамическая аменорея (ФГА) – состояние, возникающее в результате нарушения работы гипоталамо-гипофизарно-яичниковой оси у женщин репродуктивного возраста под воздействием факторов внешней среды, многие из которых широко известны. При этом остаются неизученными факторы, обусловливающие индивидуальную предрасположенность к развитию этого заболевания, а также определяющие длительность и тяжесть его течения. Эпигенетические модификации, изменяющие активность работы генов без изменения структуры ДНК, рассматриваются как наиболее перспективные маркеры многих заболеваний, в том числе вовлекающих систему гипоталамус-гипофиз. Патогенетическая роль некодирующих РНК, одного из ключевых эпигенетических регуляторов в генезе этих заболеваний, активно изучается. Более того, исследуется возможность применения некодирующих РНК при ряде заболеваний в качестве терапевтического агента. Целью обзора стала систематизация данных литературы о потенциальной роли микроРНК как одного из наиболее активно изучаемых эпигенетических регуляторов в патогенезе ФГА. Описаны основные виды эпигенетических модификаций и актуальные данные об их роли в развитии заболеваний, вовлекающих систему гипоталамус-гипофиз, а также ассоциированных с ФГА состояний. Изучение роли эпигенетических регуляторов, изменяющих свою активность под действием внешних факторов, в развитии ФГА крайне перспективно. Более того, необходимы дальнейшие исследования, направленные на понимание возможности применения эпигенетических регуляторов в качестве терапевтических агентов у пациенток с таким заболеванием с целью повышения эффективности их лечения и минимизации негативных последствий заболевания для репродуктивного и соматического здоровья.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>functional hypothalamic amenorrhea</kwd><kwd>epigenome</kwd><kwd>epigenetic modifications</kwd><kwd>microRNA</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>функциональная гипоталамическая аменорея</kwd><kwd>эпигеном</kwd><kwd>эпигенетические модификации</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Roberts RE, Farahani L, Webber L, Jayasena C. Current understanding of hypothalamic amenorrhoea. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2020;11:2042018820945854. DOI: 10.1177/2042018820945854</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Behary P, Comninos AN. Bone Perspectives in Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhoea: An Update and Future Avenues. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:923791. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.923791</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Meczekalski B, Katulski K, Czyzyk A, et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and its influence on women’s health. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37(11):1049-56. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0169-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Bonazza F, Politi G, Leone D, et al. Psychological factors in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:981491. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.981491</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Perakakis N, Upadhyay J, Ghaly W, et al. Regulation of the activins-follistatins-inhibins axis by energy status: Impact on reproductive function. Metabolism. 2018;85:240-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.05.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Young J. Does Genetic Susceptibility of the Gonadotropic Axis Explain the Variable Impact of Stressors Causing Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(3):e1473-5. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa677</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Щуко А.Г., Веселов А.А., Юрьева Т.Н., и др. Эпигенетика и способы ее реализации. Сибирский научный медицинский журнал. 2017;37(4):26-36 [Shchuko AG, Veselov AA, Yurieva TN, et al. Epigenetics and methods of its realization. Sibirskii Nauchnyi Meditsinskii Zhurnal. 2017;37(4):26-36 (in Russian)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Holliday R. Mechanisms for the control of gene activity during development. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 1990;65(4):431-71. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1990.tb01233.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Klibaner-Schiff E, Simonin EM, Akdis CA, et al. Environmental exposures influence multigenerational epigenetic transmission. Clin Epigenetics. 2024;16(1):145. DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01762-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Neumann A, Sammallahti S, Cosin-Tomas M, et al. Epigenetic timing effects on child developmental outcomes: a longitudinal meta-regression of findings from the Pregnancy And Childhood Epigenetics Consortium. Genome Med. 2025;17(1):39. DOI: 10.1186/s13073-025-01451-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Kurian JR, Terasawa E. Epigenetic control of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013;4:61. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00061</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Gao L, Emperle M, Guo Y, et al. Comprehensive structure-function characterization of DNMT3B and DNMT3A reveals distinctive de novo DNA methylation mechanisms. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3355. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17109-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Papadogkonas G, Papamatheakis DA, Spilianakis C. 3D Genome Organization as an Epigenetic Determinant of Transcription Regulation in T Cells. Front Immunol. 2022;13:921375. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921375</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Fontana L, Garzia E, Marfia G, et al. Epigenetics of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:953431. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.953431</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Derghal A, Djelloul M, Trouslard J, Mounien L. An Emerging Role of micro-RNA in the Effect of the Endocrine Disruptors. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:318. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00318</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Refael T, Melamed P. Enhancing Gonadotrope Gene Expression Through Regulatory lncRNAs. Endocrinology. 2021;162(8):bqab116. DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab116</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Iyer AK, Brayman MJ, Mellon PL. Dynamic chromatin modifications control GnRH gene expression during neuronal differentiation and protein kinase C signal transduction. Mol Endocrinol. 2011;25(3):460-73. DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0403</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Borçoi AR, Mendes SO, Gasparini Dos Santos J, et al. Risk factors for depression in adults: NR3C1 DNA methylation and lifestyle association. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;121:24-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Billah MM, Guo C, Mizuno K, et al. DNA methylation studies in mouse models of depression: a systematic review. Epigenomics. 2025;17(12):837-49. DOI: 10.1080/17501911.2025.2525750</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Miller O, Shakespeare-Finch J, Bruenig D, Mehta D. DNA methylation of NR3C1 and FKBP5 is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth, and resilience. Psychol Trauma. 2020;12(7):750-5. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000574</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Voisin S, Seale K, Jacques M, et al. Exercise is associated with younger methylome and transcriptome profiles in human skeletal muscle. Aging Cell. 2024;23(1):e13859. DOI: 10.1111/acel.13859</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Chambers J, Roscoe CMP, Chidley C, et al. Molecular Effects of Physical Activity and Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025;22(4):637. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph22040637</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Ding R, Su D, Zhao Q, et al. The role of microRNAs in depression. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1129186. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1129186</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>de Souza PC, Warren Bezerra TP, de Oliveira ILR, et al. MicroRNAs in neuroplasticity: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroscience. 2025;585:97-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.08.034</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Eiras MC, Pinheiro DP, Romcy KAM, et al. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: the Epigenetics Behind the Disease. Reprod Sci. 2022;29(3):680-94. DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00516-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Li X, Qiu J, Liu H, et al. MicroRNA-33a negatively regulates myoblast proliferation by targeting IGF1, follistatin and cyclin D1. Biosci Rep. 2020;40(6):BSR20191327. DOI: 10.1042/BSR20191327</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>de Toledo F, de Mendonça M, Martins AR, et al. MyomiRs as Markers of Insulin Resistance and Decreased Myogenesis in Skeletal Muscle of Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016;7:76. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00076</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Ahmed K, LaPierre MP, Gasser E, et al. Loss of microRNA-7a2 induces hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and infertility. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(3):1061-74. DOI: 10.1172/JCI90031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Wang CJ, Guo HX, Han DX, et al. Pituitary tissue-specific miR-7a-5p regulates FSH expression in rat anterior adenohypophyseal cells. PeerJ. 2019;7:e6458. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6458</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Li L, Zhang J, Lu C, et al. MicroRNA-7a2 Contributes to Estrogen Synthesis and Is Modulated by FSH via the JNK Signaling Pathway in Ovarian Granulosa Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(15):8565. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158565</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Xian X, Cai LL, Li Y, et al. Neuron secrete exosomes containing miR-9-5p to promote polarization of M1 microglia in depression. J Nanobiotechnology. 2022;20(1):122. DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01332-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Garaffo G, Conte D, Provero P, et al. The Dlx5 and Foxg1 transcription factors, linked via miRNA-9 and -200, are required for the development of the olfactory and GnRH system. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2015;68:103-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.04.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Han DX, Sun XL, Xu MQ, et al. Roles of differential expression of microRNA-21-3p and microRNA-433 in FSH regulation in rat anterior pituitary cells. Oncotarget. 2017;8(22):36553-65. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16615</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Fu X, Dong B, Tian Y, et al. MicroRNA-26a regulates insulin sensitivity and metabolism of glucose and lipids. J Clin Invest. 2015;125(6):2497-509. DOI: 10.1172/JCI75438</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Xu H, Du X, Xu J, et al. Pancreatic β cell microRNA-26a alleviates type 2 diabetes by improving peripheral insulin sensitivity and preserving β cell function. PLoS Biol. 2020;18(2):e3000603. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000603</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Li Y, Fan C, Wang L, et al. MicroRNA-26a-3p rescues depression-like behaviors in male rats via preventing hippocampal neuronal anomalies. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(16):853. DOI: 10.1172/JCI148853</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Li X, Xiao J, Fan Y, et al. miR-29 family regulates the puberty onset mediated by a novel Gnrh1 transcription factor TBX21. J Endocrinol. 2019;242(3):185-97. DOI: 10.1530/JOE-19-0082</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Guo Y, Wu Y, Shi J, et al. miR-29a/b1 Regulates the Luteinizing Hormone Secretion and Affects Mouse Ovulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:636220. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.636220</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Trajkovski M, Hausser J, Soutschek J, et al. MicroRNAs 103 and 107 regulate insulin sensitivity. Nature. 2011;474(7353):649-53. DOI: 10.1038/nature10112</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Fabová Z, Loncová B, Harrath AH, Sirotkin AV. Does the miR-105-1-Kisspeptin Axis Promote Ovarian Cell Functions? Reprod Sci. 2024;31(8):2293-308. DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01554-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Liu R, Wang M, Li E, et al. Dysregulation of microRNA-125a contributes to obesity-associated insulin resistance and dysregulates lipid metabolism in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2020;1865(5):158640. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158640</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Avendaño MS, Perdices-Lopez C, Guerrero-Ruiz Y, et al. The evolutionary conserved miR-137/325 tandem mediates obesity-induced hypogonadism and metabolic comorbidities by repressing hypothalamic kisspeptin. Metabolism. 2024;157:155932. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155932</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>van der Zee YY, Eijssen LMT, Mews P, et al. Blood miR-144-3p: a novel diagnostic and therapeutic tool for depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(11):4536-49. DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01712-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Fan C, Li Y, Lan T, et al. Microglia secrete miR-146a-5p-containing exosomes to regulate neurogenesis in depression. Mol Ther. 2022;30(3):1300-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.11.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Han DX, Xiao Y, Wang CJ, et al. Regulation of FSH expression by differentially expressed miR-186-5p in rat anterior adenohypophyseal cells. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0194300. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194300</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Li X, Xiao J, Li K, Zhou Y. MiR-199-3p modulates the onset of puberty in rodents probably by regulating the expression of Kiss1 via the p38 MAPK pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2020;518:110994. DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110994</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Hasuwa H, Ueda J, Ikawa M, Okabe M. miR-200b and miR-429 function in mouse ovulation and are essential for female fertility. Science. 2013;341(6141):71-3. DOI: 10.1126/science.1237999</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Ye RS, Li M, Li CY, et al. miR-361-3p regulates FSH by targeting FSHB in a porcine anterior pituitary cell model. Reproduction. 2017;153(3):341-9. DOI: 10.1530/REP-16-0373</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Li H, Li X, Zhang D, et al. MiR-375 potentially enhances GnRH expression by targeting Sp1 in GT1-7 cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2021;57(4):438-47. DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00447-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Wang HQ, Wang WH, Chen CZ, et al. Regulation of FSH Synthesis by Differentially Expressed miR-488 in Anterior Adenohypophyseal Cells. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(11):3262. DOI: 10.3390/ani11113262</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou Y, Tong L, Wang M, et al. miR-505-3p is a repressor of puberty onset in female mice. J Endocrinol. 2019;240(3):379-92. DOI: 10.1530/JOE-18-0533</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Troppmann B, Kossack N, Nordhoff V, et al. MicroRNA miR-513a-3p acts as a co-regulator of luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor gene expression in human granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014;390(1-2):65-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.04.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Song J, Luo S, Li SW. miRNA-592 is downregulated and may target LHCGR in polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Reprod Biol. 2015;15(4):229-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2015.10.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Ju M, Yang L, Zhu J, et al. MiR-664-2 impacts pubertal development in a precocious-puberty rat model through targeting the NMDA receptor-1. Biol Reprod. 2019;100(6):1536-48. DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz044</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Dai T, Wei S, Li X, et al. A novel mechanism of kisspeptin regulating ovarian granulosa cell function via down-regulating let-7b to activate ERK/PI3K-Akt pathway in Tan sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2025;92:106947. DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106947</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
