Visual categorization in birds

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Categorization is a cognitive process that leads to the ability to perceive similar but not identical stimuli as equivalent. To classify an object into a category, an animal must learn to recognize key features of a new object using the experience gained from previous interactions with similar objects. Due to this, categorization eliminates the need to examine each new object anew, significantly expanding the adaptive capabilities of the organism. The ability to categorize is inherent in animals with different types of organization of the nervous system. The review summarizes approaches to the study of visual categorization in birds – animals that have outstanding abilities for this process. Analysis of extensive data obtained in studies of visual categorization in different models in birds opens up the possibility of not only identifying the general biological neural bases and mechanisms of this process, but can also be used to expand the neuromorphic properties of artificial intelligence.

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作者简介

E. Diffine

Lomonosov Moscow State University

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: diffineea@my.msu.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

A. Tiunova

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: diffineea@my.msu.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

K. Anokhin

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: diffineea@my.msu.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the principle of category and concept formation. (a) – example of formation of the category “pigeon”. Each individual representative of the category is characterized by a certain set of features or characteristics. Light gray dots reflect the individual characteristics of each of the three pigeons, which leads to the formation of subgroup features – gray dots. The defining component of the category “pigeon” is the overlapping features (dark gray dots), which are common to all members of the category and key to the category “pigeon”. (б) – example of formation of the concept “animal”. Each individual representative is characterized by a certain set of features or characteristics. Light gray dots reflect the individual characteristics of each of the three group representatives, which leads to the formation of subgroup features – gray dots. However, not a single feature is common to all representatives of the category. As a result, a generalized representation is formed, based on the general similarity of the set of features in all three groups.

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3. Fig. 2. (а) – the experimental model of the “bead floor”. (б) – the learning and testing curve 24 hours after training. Each point represents the mean number of errors (bead pecks) (± SEM). (в, г) – monocular training on the bead floor and monocular testing after 3 and 24 hours. Control groups: ПГ/ПГ and ЛГ/ЛГ – the same eye is closed during training and testing (ПГ – right, ЛГ – left). Experimental groups: ЛГ/ПГ – left eye closed during training, right eye closed during testing; ПГ/ЛГ – right eye closed during training, left eye closed during testing (see explanations in the Lateralization section). *** – P < 0.001 compared with control groups; ** – P < 0.01 compared with control groups (adapted from Anokhin, Tiunova, 1996).

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4. Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the two main visual pathways in birds. The thalamofugal pathway is shown as dotted lines. The tectofugal pathway is shown as dashed lines. Gld – geniculate nucleus of the thalamus; nR – nucleus rotundus; Wulst – hyperpallium – optic eminence of the telencephalon; NCL – nidopallium caudolaterale; optic tectum – optic roof of the midbrain; Ento – entopallium; NFL – nidopallium frontolaterale; MVL – mesopallium ventrolaterale; NIL – nidopallium intramelale laterale.

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