编号 7 (2025)

The paper considers the problem of formation and development of the theory of institutional changes. The aim of the study is to determine the possibilities and limitations of creating a theory of institutional changes, which is considered as an independent theoretical direction within the framework of new institutionalism. The methodology is “institutional economics”, presented by both the position of the new and old schools, as well as D. Acemoglu’s views, which are the quintessence of the new institutional approach. Based on this methodology, it is shown that the theory of institutional and economic dysfunctions, explaining the various effects of effective and ineffective functioning of rules, provides prospects for explaining institutional changes and even for building appropriate models. By means of functional analysis, it is possible not only to rethink some established positions of the new institutionalism, but also to revise some of them (the Coase theorem), and also to show the need to form a theory of institutional changes within the framework of the general theory of economic development, that is, taking into account a wider range of factors and interactions of institutions and agents. The limiting points within the framework of Acemoglu’s approach, the errors of the initial institutional choice, the interpretation of the “economic miracle” only on the basis of assessing institutional changes and institutional reforms are highlighted.

The article evaluates the contribution of the world’s leading countries in terms of carbon dioxide emissions. The main factors influencing the high carbon intensity of the Russian economy are determined. The main reasons for the US withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement are presented. Within the framework of the Russian climate agenda, there are a number of important documents that make it possible to manage climate change. The risks for the Russian economy associated with its transition to low-carbon development are analyzed. The article considers the growing risks to Russia’s national security as a result of D. Trump’s refusal to cooperate within the framework of the international climate agreement. Ways to neutralize risks are proposed. It is noted that a significant potential for reducing risks lies in the effectiveness of the measures that Russia implements under the Paris Agreement. To do this, it is necessary to develop more effective tools for implementing the climate agenda, taking into account the national interests to a greater extent.

The article examines the issues of finding approaches to organizing and financing healthcare that meet the conditions of countries with an average level of development, reducing the size of direct payments by households for services and medical goods and increasing the share of public resources. The main attention is paid to assessing the experience of introducing mixed and insurance financing models, including state support for voluntary health insurance, in a number of Latin American and East Asian countries of this group.

In the article Russian-Chinese relations are analyzed in the context of global instability. The authors examine the main elements of the relationship between both countries, the problems they face in the context of widespread uncertainty, and explore the prospects for their development. Russia and China have demonstrated the ability to conduct a dialogue taking into account the transition from a unipolar to a multipolar world that changes the geopolitical environment. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, Russia and China have intensified their efforts to strengthen their relations. Today, they have reached the level of a comprehensive strategic partnership, including economic, political and cultural ties. The main goal of the study is to analyze the dynamics of Russian-Chinese relations in the context of modern challenges and identify strategic vectors for deepening and expanding cooperation. The growing interdependence of the economies of both countries has led to the implementation of major energy and infrastructure projects, which has created a solid foundation for deepening bilateral ties. The methodology of this work includes the study of political and trade relations, analysis of the volume of exports and imports. The conclusions emphasize that, despite the existing difficulties, Russian-Chinese relations have a stable basis for further growth and deepening. The scientific significance of the study lies in expanding knowledge about international relations through the prism of the dynamics of Russian-Chinese relations. The practical importance lies in assessing the current state and potential for the development of bilateral relations; a conceptual approach to the study of cooperation between Russia and China shows their strategic importance in the context of a changing world order.