№ 4 (2019)

The paper presents a clinical and epidemiological analysis of the prevalence of acute poisonings in the structure of the incoming flow of patients in a multidisciplinary hospital for the period from 2015 to 2017. It has been found that in the total flow of patients entering the emergency in the analyzed period patients with acute chemical poisoning accounted for 21.4%. The prevalence of acute poisonings with drugs and psychodisleptics (43.5%, p ≤ 0.05) among young patients (18-25 years), acute poisonings with alcohol in the age categories of 26-45 years (56.7%, p ≤ 0.05), 46-59 years (85.5%, p ≤ 0.001) and 60-74 years (77.1%, p ≤ 0.001), acute poisonings with medicines (48.1%, p ≤ 0.001%) in elderly patients (75-90 years and older) has been established. A high epidemiological significance in mortality among patients with acute poisonings with medicines, drugs and psychodisleptics, and alcohol has been revealed (0.30%; 0.29%; 0.18%, respectively). Information on the prevalence and dynamics of acute chemical poisonings for the period from 2015 to 2017 allows determining the guidelines of organizational measures in the context of medical care in a multi-hospital.

Isolated and combined damaging effects of PbO and CuO nanoparticles have been estimated on an established line of human fibroblasts using three different cytotoxicity indices based on reduction in: (a) the cellular dehydrogenase activity (MTT Assay), (b) the ATP content (Luminescent Cell Viability Assay), (c) the cellular proliferation, viability, spreading, and attachment to substrate evaluated integrally by continuous impedance-based measurement of the Normalized Cell Index. For all these indicators a clear dependence of cell damage on concentration of metal oxide nanoparticles has been demonstrated for both types of metal oxide nanoparticles, which is adequately described by the hyperbolic function, while at the same level of exposure the quantitative characteristics of cytotoxicity of PbO-NPs in comparison with CuO-NPs are similar. The latter was previously observed in the subchronic experiment on rats. The combined in vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles has been also described mathematically using the response surface construction methodology and found to be ambiguous, which is also consistent with the conclusions from the experiment on rats with the same nanoparticles.

The analgesic activity and side effects of arylacetamide derivative GR 89,696 have been studied. It has been shown that the occurrence of analgesic effect is accompanied by a change in the ratio between pain and alternative patterns of behavior, while the decrease in the severity of normal behavior is observed only after the introduction of the sample at a maximum analgesic dose of 2000 |ig/kg. The consistent developments of fading, adynamia, weakening of the flip reflex, a significant increase in diuresis are the side effects of intramuscular administration of the sample in the dose range of 1-100 |ig/kg. Negative influence of the sample on respiratory and cardiovascular functions of animals has not been revealed. Therapeutic index (more than 2900) and safety factor (less than 0.02) calculated on the basis of the obtained data allow to consider GR 89,696 as a potential anesthetic, however, to establish the possibility of its practical use a more detailed study of the side effects of the compound is necessary.

Pentyl chloroformate refers to moderately toxic substances when administered in the stomach (DL₅₀ for white mice 1000,0 ± 86,0 mg/kg), has a pronounced irritant effect on the skin and mucous membrane of the eyes, has no skin-resorptive and sensitizing effect, weakly accumulates in the body. It shows selective irritant effect on the respiratory system on inhalation. The irritant threshold for rats is 7,8 mg/m3, for humans - 2,3 mg/m³. Hygienic standards for pentyl chloroformate are recommended for approval: MAC in the air of the working area - 0,5 mg/m³ (vapors, hazard class 2, marked «requires special protection for the skin and eyes»); tentative safe exposure level in the atmospheric air of populated areas - 0,005 mg/m³.

The sensitivity of cyanobacteria to heavy metal salts under different cultivation conditions has been investigated. It is shown that the decrease in temperature and the lack of illumination of the environment increase the toxic effect of heavy metals. Data on morphological changes of cyanobacteria caused by toxic effects of heavy metals are presented. It is noted that cyanobacteria can be used as an experimental model to study the toxicity of heavy metals in the testing of water and soil pollution.