Factors Associated with Mortality in Patients with Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Babol, North of Iran


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Background:The spectrum of the clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spans from asymptomatic or mild disease to severe respiratory failure, while different factors are related to its mortality rate. This research aimed to determine the clinical and laboratory characteristics and the associated factors of mortality in patients with COVID-19.

Background:The spectrum of the clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spans from asymptomatic or mild disease to severe respiratory failure, while different factors are related to its mortality rate. This research aimed to determine the clinical and laboratory characteristics and the associated factors of mortality in patients with COVID-19.

Materials and Methods:Data were collected from hospitalized patients (May to June 2020), and COVID-19 was confirmed in patients by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The patient group was classified into survivor and deceased groups. The chi-square and the independent t-test with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software program, version 18, were used for analysis.

Results:Mean age, hemoglobin, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), white blood cells, and level of procalcitonin in non-survivors were significantly higher than in survivors. Serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) had a significant relationship with D-dimer (p = 0.0006). The risk of mortality in patients with serum CRP > 100 mg/dl was significantly higher than those with CRp < 000 mg/dl (odds ratio (OR) = 4.8 (95 % CI, 1.33-12.44, p = 0.01).

Conclusion:COVID-19 has different clinical features and can be an asymptomatic, mild, or severe disease. Thus, findings about the disease and the consequent outcomes differ in patients. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical features and consequences of COVID-19 infection.

About the authors

Mansour Babaei

Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences,

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Behzad Heidari

Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Hossein Ghorbani

Clinical Research Development Unit of Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Zahra Ahmadnia

Clinical Research Development Unit of Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Samaneh Rouhi

Clinical Research Development Unit of Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Mahmoud Sadeghi Haddad Zavareh

Clinical Research Development Unit of Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

References

  1. Xiong S, Liu L, Lin F, et al. Clinical characteristics of 116 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20(1): 787. doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05452-2 PMID: 33092539
  2. Perincek G, Avci S. A case series of patients with COVID-19 infection admitted to a secondary care center in Turkey. Front Emerg Med 2020; 4(2s): e49.
  3. Mostafa A, Kandil S, El-Sayed MH, et al. Universal COVID-19 screening of 4040 health care workers in a resource-limited setting: an Egyptian pilot model in a university with 12 public hospitals and medical centers. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50(1): 50-61. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyaa173 PMID: 33094320
  4. Kochhar A, Pande D, Saini S, Ganapathy U, Gogia A. An update on initial epidemiological profile, clinical course, and outcome of COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care center in India. Indian J Palliat Care 2020; 26(5) (Suppl. 1): 36. doi: 10.4103/IJPC.IJPC_146_20 PMID: 33088084
  5. Ozma MA, Maroufi P, Khodadadi E, et al. Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) during the outbreak period. Infez Med 2020; 28(2): 153-65. PMID: 32275257
  6. Li M, Zhang Z, Cao W, et al. Identifying novel factors associated with COVID-19 transmission and fatality using the machine learning approach. Sci Total Environ 2021; 764: 142810. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142810 PMID: 33097268
  7. Macera M, De Angelis G, Sagnelli C, Coppola N. Vanvitelli COVID-group. clinical presentation of COVID-19: Case series and review of the literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(14): 5062. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17145062 PMID: 32674450
  8. Thevarajan I, Buising KL, Cowie BC. Clinical presentation and management of COVID -19. Med J Aust 2020; 213(3): 134-9. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50698 PMID: 32677734
  9. Dennis JM, Mateen BA, Sonabend R, et al. Type 2 diabetes and COVID-19-related mortality in the critical care setting: A national cohort study in England, March-July 2020. Diabetes Care 2021; 44(1): 50-7. doi: 10.2337/dc20-1444 PMID: 33097559
  10. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395(10229): 1054-62. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3 PMID: 32171076
  11. Gu T, Mack JA, Salvatore M, et al. Characteristics Associated with racial/ethnic disparities in covid-19 outcomes in an academic health care system. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3(10): e2025197. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25197 PMID: 33084902
  12. Emami A, Javanmardi F, Pirbonyeh N, Akbari A. Prevalence of underlying diseases in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Acad Emerg Med 2020; 8(1): e35. PMID: 32232218
  13. Godri Pollitt KJ, Peccia J, Ko AI, et al. COVID-19 vulnerability: The potential impact of genetic susceptibility and airborne transmission. Hum Genomics 2020; 14(1): 17. doi: 10.1186/s40246-020-00267-3 PMID: 32398162
  14. Ahmed A, Ali A, Hasan S. Comparison of epidemiological variations in COVID-19 patients inside and outside of China-A meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2020; 193. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00193
  15. Li J, Huang DQ, Zou B, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes. J Med Virol 2021; 93(3): 1449-58. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26424 PMID: 32790106
  16. Tian W, Jiang W, Yao J, et al. Predictors of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol 2020; 92(10): 1875-83. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26050 PMID: 32441789
  17. Alnor A, Sandberg MB, Gils C, Vinholt PJ. Laboratory tests and outcome for patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Lab Med 2020; 5(5): 1038-49. doi: 10.1093/jalm/jfaa098 PMID: 32573713
  18. Zeng F, Huang Y, Guo Y, et al. Association of inflammatory markers with the severity of COVID-19: A meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 96: 467-74. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.055 PMID: 32425643
  19. Udomsinprasert W, Jittikoon J, Sangroongruangsri S, Chaikledkaew U. Circulating LEVELS OF interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as potential biomarkers of severity and mortality for COVID-19: systematic review with meta-analysis. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41(1): 11-22. doi: 10.1007/s10875-020-00899-z PMID: 33128665
  20. Rostamian A, Ghazanfari T, Arabkheradmand J, et al. Interleukin-6 as a potential predictor of COVID-19 disease severity in hospitalized patients and its association with clinical laboratory routine tests. Immunoregulation 2020; 3(1): 29-36. doi: 10.32598/IMMUNOREGULATION.3.1.4
  21. Robinson PC, Liew DFL, Liew JW, et al. The potential for repurposing anti-TNF as a therapy for the treatment of COVID-19. Med 2020; 1(1): 90-102. doi: 10.1016/j.medj.2020.11.005 PMID: 33294881
  22. Huang I, Lim MA, Pranata R. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia – A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(4): 395-403. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.018 PMID: 32334395
  23. Sepandi M, Taghdir M, Alimohamadi Y, Afrashteh S, Hosamirudsari H. Factors associated with mortality in covid-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Public Health 2020; 49(7): 1211-21. doi: 10.18502/ijph.v49i7.3574 PMID: 33083287
  24. Mehraeen E, Karimi A, Barzegary A, et al. Predictors of mortality in patients with COVID-19-a systematic review. Eur J Integr Med 2020; 40: 101226. doi: 10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101226
  25. Macedo A, Gonçalves N, Febra C. COVID-19 fatality rates in hospitalized patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2021; 57(57): 14-21. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.02.012 PMID: 33662494

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2024 Bentham Science Publishers