№ 1 (2025)

Powdery mildew and leaf rust are harmful diseases of bread wheat in most regions of crop cultivation. The most rational way to combat the diseases is to cultivate resistant varieties. Their creation requires the presence of reliable donors and sources of resistance. The existing resistant genotypes can become susceptible as a result of changes in the genetic structure of pathogen populations and phenotypic changes in virulence under the influence of environmental factors. As a result, the search for new resistant genotypes is a pressing issue. Juvenile resistance of 780 spring bread wheat samples from the collection of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N.I. Vavilov (VIR) to powdery mildew and leaf rust was studied. Seedling resistance of spring common wheat samples to two diseases was studied in the Genetics Department of VIR using standard methods. Adult resistance to diseases at the Yekaterinino Experimental Station – a branch of VIR (Tambov Region) and on VIR experimental fields in the Pushkin (Leningrad region) was carried out according to the VIR Methodological Instructions. During the study, 43 varieties and accessions with a high level of resistance to leaf rust and 27 – to powdery mildew were identified. Cultivars Ekada 85, Tulaikovskaya 117 and line 71-73 have group resistance to 2 diseases. It was shown that only material from Russia is characterized by resistance to leaf rust, while resistance to powdery mildew from European countries.

This article presents the preliminary results of testing a new drug NPC “White Pearl Universal Antifreeze” on apple. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of organomineral fertilizers on the physiological and biochemical parameters of apple trees resistance to spring frosts. Sinap Orlovsky, an apple cultivar from the bioresource collection of VNIISPK, served as an object of the study. The experiment was based on three variants. The experiment variants were: 1 – control (without treatments); 2 – foliar treatment with 1% solution of NPC “White Pearl Universal Antifreeze”; 3 – foliar treatment with 3% solution of NPC “White Pearl Universal Antifreeze”. There were 3 repetitions in each experiment with 5 accounting trees. Three-fold non-root treatment in the experimental versions contributed to a 34.3% increase in bound water. Against the background of an increase in the activity of total amylase, 1% and 3% solutions of the drug increased the amount of sugars in fruit buds by 23.1% and 55.6%, respectively, compared with the control. At the same time, the NPC “White Pearl Universal Antifreeze” contributed to the acceleration of protein metabolism in fruit buds. Thus, the level of proline under the influence of a 3% solution of the NPC “White Pearl Universal Antifreeze” decreased by 8.0 times and by 9.2 times in the variant with 1% solution, whereas in the control it decreased by 7.8 times. According to the results of field and laboratory observations, the positive effect of the drug NPC “White Pearl Universal Antifreeze” on the stability of flowers and buds was revealed. The preliminary data make it possible to conclude that the treatment with NPC “White Pearl Universal Antifreeze” can increase resistance to low-temperature stress in the spring period by optimizing the water regime, improving carbohydrate-protein, energy and redox metabolism.

In the monoculture of a low-growing apple tree, soil fatigue of leached chernozem manifests itself at the age of 20–24 years of trees. A methodology for assessing the degree of soil degradation in apple orchards has been developed. Its approbation on the example of leached chernozem showed that the content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in the 30–60 cm layer, cellulolytic activity in the 10–100 cm layer, the number of bacteria in the 0–40 cm layer, and the provision of total nitrogen in the leaves of the bioindicator (barley) in the tillering phase degraded to the greatest extent. The weakest degree of degradation of leached chernozem is noted by the thickness of the humus horizon, total porosity in a layer of 10–70 cm, structural coefficient in a layer of 0–40 cm, hygroscopicity in a layer of 0–70 cm, maximum hygroscopic humidity in a layer of 0–30 cm, the lowest moisture capacity of a layer of 0–30 cm, capillary moisture capacity in a layer of 0–60 cm, hydrolytic acidity in a layer of 10–60 cm, the sum of the exchange bases in a layer of 0–60 cm, the content of nitrate nitrogen in a layer of 0–60 cm, calcium exchange in a layer of 20–60 cm, magnesium exchange in a layer of 10–70 cm, The pH of the salt extract in the layer is 30–60 cm and the number of yeast in the layer is 0–40 cm. The soil parameters that have changed to the least extent can be considered as composing components of the buffering of leached chernozem. The degree of degradation of leached chernozem in 24-year-old low-growing apple orchards on rootstock 62-396 with row spacing under black steam in the conditions of 15 Years of October CJSC in the Lipetsk Region in 2014–2022 was low. Based on the degradation structure in this farm, it is recommended to increase the amount of phosphorus-potassium, organic or green fertilizers applied under the apple tree.

The article presents the results of a study of the yield formation of various onion varieties with the mineral fertilizers application and growth regulators in the Southern forest-steppe the conditions of the Bashkortostan Republic. The studies were carried out in 2021-2023 in the experimental fields of the Plant Growing Department, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology of the Educational and Scientific Center of the Bashkir State Agrarian University. Soil is leached chernozem, nitrogen content according to Kjeldahl – 0.33%, phosphorus – 0.12%, mobile (according to Chirikov) – 100 mg/kg, potassium – 1.3%, mobile – 330 mg/kg of soil. The humus horizon thickness reaches 45…50 cm. The highest yield (61.7 t/ha) was obtained against the background of N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ + Heteroauxin in the Red Baron variety with an average of 48.2 t/ha in the experiment, the lowest – in Strigunovsky local (N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ + Epin-Extra) – 38.4 t/ha with an average of 39.7 t/ha, but the highest amount of dry matter was against the background of the Control nutrition (without fertilizers) + Epin-Extra 18.89%, average – 16.73%. The highest amount of sucrose was established against the background of the Control (without fertilizers) + Epin-Extra variety Red Baron – 2.60%, average – 1.88%, the lowest – in Strigunovsky local with N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ + Control (water) – 1.34%, average – 1.57%. Vitamin C accumulated in the Red Baron onion variety against the background of N90P90K90 + Heteroauxin is 19.9 mg%, average is 13.6 mg%, the lowest against the background of Control (without fertilizers) + Control (water) in the same variety, average is 11.4 mg%.

The article is devoted to some aspects of creating technologies for the future agro-industrial complex of Russia. The problem of organization, functioning and development of a complex technological system of food production is considered. The range of issues discussed are includes: the concept of complexity of agro-industrial complex technology; creation of synergetic technological complexes for production and processing of agricultural products into basic food products; architecture of a complex technological system; rate of technological processes development; synergetic patterns of system technological complexes; order parameter of complex technology; quantitative indicators of the quality leading processes and technology; the effect of functioning of a complex synergetic complex of the agro-industrial complex; dialectical transition from a differentiated technological basis of the agro-industrial complex to a qualitatively new basis of technologies in the form of integrated food production; system-forming factors of complex technologies of the agro-industrial complex; mutual reinforcement of technologies united in a synergetic complex; fundamentals of industrial technologies of crop and livestock products; conditions of robotic food production; paradigm of creation of industrial synergetic system complexes in the agro-industrial complex. Particular attention is paid to the dialectic of agro-industrial complex technologies, the complication of which is a natural historical process.

Reindeer husbandry is the basis of life, lifestyle and traditions of the aboriginal population of the Far North. As a result, the active development of the resources of Western Siberia reduces the areas suitable for reindeer grazing. Compaction of territories suitable for grazing animals creates conditions for the spread of infectious and invasive diseases that reduce productivity, weaken immunity, and often lead to the death of deer. Parasitic worms of the Cestoda class are the most numerous group in terms of the variety of pathogens of invasive etiology in reindeer. Larval cestodoses are found everywhere in reindeer herding farms in the Far North. The aim of the study was to study the infestation of reindeer with cysticercoses in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in order to clarify the species diversity and intensity of the lesion. Cysticercoses are caused by the larval stages of cestodes and parasitize the internal organs and tissues of animals, sometimes humans, causing acute inflammatory processes of the organs. The main source of the spread of cysticercosis in deer are reindeer dogs, and wolves and arctic foxes also spread the invasion. Despite the significant contribution of scientists and veterinary specialists to the study of this issue, the treatment of cysticercosis has not been sufficiently studied. During the autopsy of reindeer at slaughter complexes and directly in the field, larvae of three species of the genus Taenia were found: T. hydatigena, T. krabbei, T. parenchimatosa. The prevalence of invasion of parenchymal cysticercosis averaged 33.4% in the district. Tarandular cysticercosis was less common with an extensive invasion of 23.7%. The incidence of teniuclear cysticercosis (EI) in the districts was 2.4%. There was a significant difference in the invasiveness of deer by different types of cysticerci depending on the sex and age group of deer.

The establishment of the influence of genetic factors on economically useful traits is important for breeding and increasing the productivity of farm animals. The aim of the study was to establish a relationship between the polymorphism of the leptin gene (site R25C) with milk productivity and with live weight indicators during the growth and development of cows of the Kholmogorsky breed. The study was conducted on the breeding stock of cattle in JSC Kholmogorsky Stud Farm. The analysis of the frequency of occurrence of single nucleotide polymorphism R25C genotypes in Kholmogorsky cows showed the predominance of the heterozygous RC genotype (57.14%), while the frequency of the C allele was 0.62, and the R allele was 0.38. The results of the study of the effect of leptin gene polymorphism (site R25C) on milk productivity and on the development of live weight in different age periods of Kholmogorsky cows were also obtained. Statistical analysis (the Kraskel-Wallis criterion, the Mann-Whitney U-criterion) did not reveal a significant effect of the single nucleotide polymorphism R25C on milk productivity. Live weight analysis showed that animals with the RR genotype were characterized by significantly higher live weight at birth, at 18 months and at first insemination compared with carriers of other genotypes. In addition, cattle with the RR genotype have a longer period of productive use. The results obtained indicate that the R allele of the leptin gene has a positive effect on the growth and development of animals of the Kholmogorsky breed. The revealed patterns can be used to increase the efficiency of breeding work.

For the last six decades the serious changes in dairy cattle breeding in the Far-Eastern region took place. These changes have occured in the technology of this branch management – from manual labour to the completely mechanized and even computerized farms. The breed composition was updated significantly, the Kholmogor and Sychiov breeds disappeared, Simmental livestock decreased Instead the animals of Holstein breed were imported. The dairy productivity increased from 1600 kg to 5000 kg of milk for lactation. However, the uneven distribution of calvings by year seasons remains unchanged. More than 60% of calvings take place during a winter-spring period, and it is unjustifiably from the point of view of economy and technology. The results of analysis of the primary zootechnical accounting for a number of years in the farms of the Middle Priamuryeshowed the dependence of artificial insemination of cows on the time of onset of oestrus after calving, and the longer this period is, the higher fertilization is. It was revealed the difference of the insemination results from number of cows in oestrus during the 24 hours. This dependence strengthens during the summer cattle maintenance on the pasture. It turned out that the temperature and the air humidity, quantity and duration of precipitation influence on the sexual behaviour of animals.

The effect of the probiotics Vetosporin-Zh, PcheloNormoSil and ApiVrach on the lifespan of bees was studied in laboratory conditions.For this purpose, 26 cages containing 50 three-day-old bees were selected, which were divided into 4 groups (3 experimental groups of 7 cages each and a control group of 5 cages).In the experiment, bees were fed sugar syrup containing drugs in accordance with the instructions for their use. In the control bees were given sugar syrup. The studies were carried out in accordance with “Methodological recommendations for studying the toxic effects of pesticides and biological products on bees”. It was established that of the tested drugs, only Vetosporin-Zh significantly increased the lifesspan of experimental bees compared to the control by 1.4 times. To conduct research in the apiary, 14 bee colonies were selected and divided into 2 equal groups – experimental and control. Experimental colonies were fed 1 liter of sugar syrup containing 1 ml of Vetosporin-Zh three times with an interval of 3 days. Control colonies received syrup without the drug. Inspection of bee colonies was carried out every 12 days, and the number of frames, printed brood and honey in each family was taken into account. Determined that feeding experimental bee colonies with sugar syrup containing Vetosporin Zh – contributed to an increase in their strength by 1.3 times, printed brood and honey by 1.3–1.4 times compared to control families.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of insecticides used in sheep melophagosis. Objectives of the study: to compare the effectiveness of drugs of various chemical groups and methods of their use in sheep melophagosis. One of the most important factors in the growth of animal productivity is the implementation of therapeutic and preventive measures for parasitic diseases. Of the infestations, melophagosis is often found in sheep, causing significant damage to the industry. With an intense lesion (more than 100 parasites per animal), body weight decreases by 8-10 kg and feed conversion worsens. The damage to sheep farming from the loss of meat productivity is estimated at millions of rubles per year. The shearing of wool decreases by 0.8 – 1.0 kg per sheep, its quality decreases. Various means and methods are used to treat sheep with melophagosis. Single treatment of sheep with Cyflunite provides 100% protection of sheep with melophagosis for 30 days. Cyflunite Flock also had 100% effectiveness and only on the 42nd day after treatment showed a slight decrease in insecticidal action. The extensivity of Ivermek was 100%. Merodok after a single injection showed 100% therapeutic efficacy and contributed to the complete liberation of sheep from bloodsuckers, and the period of protection from invasion was more than 30 days. When using Iversan, after 28 days, all sheep were completely free of bloodsuckers. Upon further observation, no bloodsuckers were found on sheep after 56 days. The effectiveness of the drug Delcid® 7.5 7 days after application was 100%. Bayofly pour-on and Dectomax also showed a 100% result. Monizen forte, with a single subcutaneous injection, provided 100% extensional and intensive efficacy.

The modern market for agricultural machinery is saturated with a large number of machines, both domestic and mainly imported. Consequently, this circumstance indicates the need to develop and select scientifically based machine systems, including the technological provision of machine complexes with digital equipment that allows monitoring the quality of a certain technological operation and interpreting the received information with a technical means to change the initial state of the affected object, which is current scientific problem. Purpose of the study. Justification of the design, operational and technological parameters of automated separating working bodies of a potato harvester. Material and methods. A systematization and generalization of modern technological processes for harvesting potatoes in seed production was carried out in a digital agricultural production system with elements of robotization of the separation process. A technology has been developed for automated potato harvesting technology in seed production. Research results. A structural and technological separating system for a potato harvester with a digital cleaning control system, a block diagram of an automated separating system for a potato harvester with a digital control system have been developed, the impact of a remote finger hump with an adjustable angle of inclination of the blade with elements of artificial intelligence has been simulated, ensuring the recognition of soil lumps and their separation from commercial potato products to tuberous heap in order to substantiate the design and technological parameters that ensure high separation completeness and minimal damage to commercial products. Discussion and conclusion. The theoretical principles of automated potato harvesting technology in seed production have been established.