Том 49, № 2 (2023)

We studied the features of EEG and visual memory processes in 27 patients with a mediobasal regions extracerebral tumor of right and left hemispheres. According to neuroimaging (MRI) and morphometry, the degree of hippocampus involvement in pathological process was assessed. The predominant concentration of irritative-epileptiform signs in the affected hemisphere, as well as the presence of atypical alpha-rhythm episodes in the tumor projection zone, were classified as EEG markers of tumor compressive effect on the hippocampus. Signs of non-identical involvement of the right and left hippocampi in the pathological process were found in the form of a predominance of irritative signs in the left hemisphere throughout the group as a whole. Equivalent dipole sources (EDS) of atypical alpha rhythm are more confined to hippocampal structures than irritative EEG patterns. Neuropsychological testing of visual memory did not reveal significant disturbances in memory processes at this stage of the disease.

The present study examined the hypothesis that significant alterations in antigravity muscle architecture would occur with dry water immersion (DI) and that some structural changes may be seen in postural muscles because of the overall decrease in physical activity. Ten men (age (mean ± SE) – 24.5 ± 3.9 years, height – 176.1 ± 1.2 m, mass – 71.1 ± 3.4 kg) volunteered for the study. The healthy men underwent of DI for 21 days. All subjects did not use physical training during the exposure. The contractile properties of the muscle ankle extensors and flexors (maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and strength-velocity relationship) were evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer. The internal architecture of the triceps surae muscle of its two heads (medial (MG) and lateral (LG) gastrocnemius muscles) was determined by in vivo ultrasound (US) at ankle angles of –15° (dorsiflexion), 0° (neutral anatomical position), and +30° (plantarflexion) with an angle in the knee joint of 0°. In each position, longitudinal US of MG and LG were obtained at the proximal levels 30% (MG and LG) of the distance between the popliteal crease and the center of the lateral malleolus. US images were detected at rest for each ankle position, and the fiber length (L_f) and pennation angle (Θ_f) relative to the aponeurosis were determined. After DI the MVC muscle ankle extensors decreased from 122.6 ± 43.1 to 99.5 ± 22.7 N (19%). Although there was a significant no change in dorsiflexion. After DI with the ankle angle increasing from –15° to +30°, L_f changes from 43 ± 1 to 32 ± 2 mm (25.6%, p < 0.01) for MG and from 45 ± 2 to 34 ± 1 mm (24.4%, p < 0.01) for LG, and Θ_f increased from 21° ± 1° to 26° ± 2° (23.8%) for MG and from 14° ± 1° to 18° ± 2° (28.6%) for LG. Collectively, the present data suggest that the architecture and contractile capacity of human pennate muscle are interrelated, in vivo. The finding that amongst the antigravity muscles, the MG deteriorated to a greater extent than the LG is possibly related to the differences in relative load that this muscle possibly experiences during daily loading. Different L_f and Θ_f, and their changes by after unloading, might be related to differences in force-producing capabilities of the muscles and elastic characteristics of tendons and aponeuroses. Structural muscle changes can be considered as an adaptive process, in response to disuse.

The proposal is a complex experiment that had a design – a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. An effective measurement of the parameters of the human body was examined on 8 apparently healthy subjects during an exposure of 8 hours in altered magnetic conditions. The results of the experiment did not reveal significant risks for the functional state of the human body with a decrease in the multiplicity of about 1000 times.

The development of new diagnostic methods for the prediction, treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases is an urgent task. The purpose of this study was to compare specific immunological and clinical-biochemical markers in patients with cardiovascular diseases. In accordance with the established diagnosis, three groups of participants were examined – a total of 139 people, including the control group. The first group was patients with hypertension, the second group – with a diagnosis of hypertension and coronary heart disease. In these patients, biochemical parameters of blood and antibodies to β-endorphin, bradykinin, histamine, dopamine, and serotonin, traditionally used in diagnostic practice, were compared. Deviations of 38–65% in the content of antibodies to dopamine and serotonin were found for patients of the first and second groups compared with the control. A correlation of immunological parameters with biochemical and hematological parameters was found. A direct relationship was found for the level of antibodies to dopamine and AST activity (r = 0.4, p < 0.05), to histamine and ESR concentration (r = 0.6, p < 0.05). Thus, the practical significance of the combined use of tests for assessing the violation of the immunological and biochemical homeostasis of the body of patients with heart disease has been established. Monitoring of additional immunological indicators to assess the development of the disease increases the degree of prognosis of the severity of the pathology.

Using Spearman’s rank correlation we studied the correlations between the serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) concenttration and the concentration of testosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, insulin and cortisol in the indigenous and alien populationof the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. A positive correlation was found between the DHEA-S concenttration and testosterone in indigenous women and newcomers. A stronger correlation was found in the group of newcomer women. In indigenous men, DHEA-S was positively correlated with cortisol. The newcomer men showed a positive correlation between DHEA-S and thyroid-stimulating hormone. No correlations were found between the concenttration of DHEA-S with insulin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine in any of the examined groups.

The review is devoted to the role of gravity in the implementation of human cognitive functions. The influence of weightlessness on various aspects of cognitive activity is considered, such as the choice of a vertical, the formation of a reference system, including the time coordinate, the recognition of the symmetry of complex shapes, the processes of memorizing and recognizing images, and orientation in three-dimensional labyrinths. It is described how the EEG activity of the brain in response to visual stimuli changes in weightlessness. It is shown that in weightlessness there are not only changes in the work of reflex mechanisms, but also restructuring at the level of the cognitive system, in particular, “reprogramming” of sensorimotor systems, and the development of new skills for the functioning of the brain in changed conditions.

An increase in the birth rate of premature and low birth weight children at the current level of medical development requires the development of fundamental ideas about the physiology of the cardiovascular system in a history of preterm birth from the point of view of pre- and postnatal ontogenesis. Practicing neonatologists, pediatricians, therapists, cardiologists, reproductologists, etc. it is necessary to improve the traditional ideas about the mechanisms of damage to the cardiovascular system in this category of patients. Because it is established that this clinical subgroup is characterized by increased risks of early onset of pathology of the heart and blood vessels, as well as a high mortality rate in adulthood. Pathological changes of the cardiovascular system in conditions of prematurity can occur at various levels of integration of the body (molecular, subcellular, cellular, organ, functional systems, organismal). The use of modern non-invasive technology “spot trace” makes it possible to study the features of segmental deformation and the variety of forms of LV torsion mechanics during postnatal growth and development in prematurely born children. Optimization of research and diagnostic processes in the field of mechanics of the infant heart in the prenatal and postnatal periods from the point of view of progressive data on anatomy, histology, clinical biochemistry allows us to study the nature of various contractile-rotational models, as well as reasonably assume the contribution of the fibrous skeleton of the infant heart to the formation of “childhood types” of left ventricular twisting. The search and development of informative criteria for the early diagnosis of latent subclinical heart dysfunction in childhood, taking into account the possibilities of non-invasive ultrasound technology “spot trace” (analysis of types of rotational movement, determination of areas of reduced longitudinal deformation of the left ventricle), based on the current provisions of evidence-based medicine, have become quite possible in modern conditions and are demonstrated by the authors in this review. The information offered to the readers will allow to expand the understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of the infant heart with a history of premature birth, bearing in mind the fact that prematurity is considered a chronic condition.