Vol 23, No 5 (2021)

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The renaissance of barrier contraception (based on the data from an international clinical trial)

Prilepskaya V.N., Mezhevitinova E.A., Nazarenko E.G., Gorodnova E.A.

Abstract

Background. In recent years, interest in the use of barrier methods of contraception has increased, since many women prefer them in connection with the change in the epidemiological situation associated with COVID-19, with contraindications to other methods of contraception, as well as with irregular sex life and casual sexual intercourse. In addition, these methods of contraception are preferred for breastfeeding mothers and pre- and postmenopausal women. Studies of the efficacy of spermicidal agents in late reproductive age women have not previously been carried out, although their use in this population is of particular interest, since these agents do not have a systemic effect and, if used correctly, can prevent unwanted pregnancies. The article presents data from an international French-Russian study of the efficacy of spermicides containing benzalkonium chloride in late reproductive age women (over 40 years). The study was carried out on the basis of 7 private offices of obstetricians and gynecologists in France and 6 obstetric and gynecological clinics in Russia.

Aim. Assessment of the contraceptive efficacy, safety and acceptability of a cream containing benzalkonium chloride in women over 40 years of age.

Materials and methods. The study included non-pregnant women aged 40 and over who had at least 1 menstrual period in the past 3 months and who would like to use spermicides as contraception for at least 6 months. After a 6-month period of mandatory use of spermicide, patients could, if desired, continue to use it for the next 6 months. All women were given Pharmatex (1.2%), a vaginal cream containing benzalkonium chloride (1.2 g per 100 g of cream) as the active ingredient, 1 standard dose before each intercourse. The primary endpoint was the Pearl Index. The acceptability of the method after each use of the cream, the moisturizing effect, and the woman's and researcher's overall satisfaction with this method of contraception were also assessed. Safety was assessed using adverse event monitoring.

Results. An analysis of efficacy of the study drug showed that during study, pregnancy did not occur in any of the women. Pearl Index for 12 months was 0. Over the mandatory 6-month period, the use of Pharmatex cream was assessed by patients as acceptable (to some extent acceptable, acceptable, completely acceptable) in 98% of sexual intercourse, and over the 12-month period – in 98.6% of intercourse. The moisturizing effect of the cream was noted by 96.1% of women. In 6 months of the use of Pharmatex cream, overall satisfaction was rated as quite good, good, or very good by 99.3% of patients and in 12 months – by 100% of patients. Adverse events were noted only in 0.5% of cases. Most of these events were assessed as unrelated to the study drug.

Conclusion. The use of a benzalkonium chloride spermicidal cream can be considered an effective and acceptable method of contraception for women over the age of 40. It is well tolerated, has a moisturizing effect on the vaginal mucosa, and meets the needs and lifestyle of women. The contraceptive with benzalkonium chloride has a favorable safety profile: it does not adversely affect the normal flora of the vagina, can be used during breastfeeding, since it does not penetrate into the vascular bed and doesn’t have systemic effects.

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):380-385
pages 380-385 views

The concomitant estrogen-dependent diseases and the ovarian reserve condition for patients with severe peritoneal endometriosis, included in the vitro fertilization programmes

Ershova I.Y., Krasnopolskaya K.V., Orazov M.R., Lagutina E.V.

Abstract

Aim. Is specification of the nature and frequency of concomitant forms of genital endometriosis and other estrogen-dependent diseases (EDD) for the infertile women with severe peritoneal endometriosis (PE), as well as the assessment of the ovarian reserve condition for the patients of different ages.

Materials and methods. The total 142 infertile women with severe peritoneal endometriosis (III–IV stage of the external genital endometriosis according to the American Fertility Society classification) were examined at the age of 32.3±3.2 years (min–max = 23–40 years). The clinical status assessment was conducted, using a standard set of diagnostic procedures, prescribed for the inclusion of patients in the IVF program. The ovarian reserve was estimated by the level of the anti-Mullerian Hormone level determined by the immunoenzyme method.

Results. The concomitant 2-sided endometriotic ovarian cysts (96%), myoma (19.7%) and the adenomyosis (16.9%) were most common for the patients with severe peritoneal endometriosis. The severely reduced the anti-Mullerian Hormone rates (<0.4 ng/ml) were much higher among patients >35 years old (24.6% compared to 10.6% for younger patients; p=0.028).

Conclusion. The infertility for severe peritoneal endometriosis is supported by concomitant estrogen-dependent diseases, of which 2-sided endometriomas, adenomyosis and uterine myoma are of the most pathological.

The low efficiency of IVF in the treatment of patients with severe peritoneal endometriosis and concomitant estrogen-dependent diseases is explained by the aggravation of the embryonic and endometrial factors for the infertility. The other reason that worsens the results of IVF for such patients is late reproductive age (>35 years) that increases the observed reduction of the ovarian reserve.

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):386-391
pages 386-391 views

Evaluation of bovhyaluronidase azoxymer efficacy in combined treatment of patients with endometriosis based on the results of multicenter prospective non-interventional study (ISLAND)

Yarmolinskaya M.I., Radzinsky V.E., Orazov M.R., Korotkikh I.N., Ziganshin O.R., Eremina N.A., Khobets V.V.

Abstract

Background. Endometriosis is a chronic progressive recurrent disease associated with pelvis pain, menses disorders and infertility. The prevalence of endometriosis (EGE) tends to increase steadily and reaches 15% among women of reproductive age. Endometriosis-associated pain can persist despite surgical and drug treatment of this disease, resulting in a significant decrease in the quality of life of patients. The main causes of EGE-associated pain are local inflammatory, adhesive, neuro- and angiogenic processes. Currently, the search for alternative methods of pathogenesis-based therapy of the disease is one of the priority tasks. Given its anti-inflammatory, enzymatic, antioxidant effects and anti-adhesion mechanism of action, bovhyaluronidase azoximer, an enzyme agent with hyaluronidase activity, is a promising drug in the complex therapy of EGE.

Aim. To compare bovhyaluronidase azoxymer efficacy in complex therapy of patients with EGE using dienogest (2 mg) versus monotherapy with this progestogen in real clinical practice.

Materials and methods. 149 female patients of reproductive age were enrolled in the study after surgical treatment for EGE. The patients were divided into two groups: the first group (n=94) was treated with complex therapy by dienogest (2 mg) daily within 6 months in combination with suppositories containing bovhyaluronidase azoxymer (3000 IU): 1 suppositorium once within 3 days,10 administrations; and then 1 suppositorium once in 7 days, 17 administrations, within 120 days; the second group (n=55) received monotherapy with dienogest (2 mg) daily up to 6 months. EGE-associated pelvic pain intensity, uterine bleeding severity and life quality were assessed during the study, after 30, 90, 150 and 180 days with regard to the basic values.

Results. There was a statistically significant reduction of pain intensity observed in both groups compared to the basic level, using visual analogue scale of pain (VAS), the Biberoglu and Berman scale, but there was a distinct trend towards a more significant decrease in pelvic pain score basing on VAS in patients received complex therapy versus monotherapy with dienogest 2 mg after 30 days of treatment (p=0.051). Life quality assessment of patients in both groups revealed statistically significant increase in scores for all values of the SF-36 life quality scale just after the second follow-up visit. More significant life quality improvement in patients was observed with complex therapy with regard to such descriptors of the SF-36 Questionnaire as “Physical functioning”, “Role-physical functioning”, “Pain intensity” (p<0.05).

Conclusion. Bovhyaluronidase azoxymer in combination with dienogest (2 mg) improves the overall therapy effectiveness for EGE and is associated with more significant reduction in pelvic pain intensity, inflammatory and adhesive processes in the pelvis, and significant life quality improvement compared to monotherapy with 2 mg dienogest.

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):392-401
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Comprehensive therapy with myoinositol and D-chiroinositol in a 5:1 ratio for abnormal uterine bleeding in overweight and obese women

Solovyeva A.V., Fatkullin I.F., Akhmetgaliev A.R., Vinokurova E.A., Aleynikova E.Y., Kuznetsova O.A.

Abstract

Background. Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) occurs in one-third of women of reproductive age and has a significant impact on women's lives, causing anemia, impaired social adaptation and professional activity.

AUB-O (ovulatory dysfunction) is often caused by an excessive body mass (BM) and obesity (especially visceral). The most effective option for restoring menstrual cycle (MC) in obese women is BM reduction. There is evidence that the combination of inositols – myoinositol (MI) and D-chiroinositol (DCI) – has a beneficial effect on BM loss, ovulation frequency and getting pregnant in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Aim. To study the effect of MI and DHI in a 5:1 ratio in combination with diet and exercise on the regulation of MC in overweight and obese women.

Materials and methods. The study has been conducted in clinics of Moscow, Kazan and Tyumen for 2020–2021. It is a descriptive study assessing an efficacy of lifestyle modification (diet and exercise) plus a nutritional support with a combination of 1000 mg MI and 200 mg DCI (ratio 5:1) for 2–4 months in 353 women of reproductive age with AMK-O and overweight or obesity. Efficacy criteria include: MC regularity, BM index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), levels of serum glucose, free testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone.

Results. The study showed a significant shortening of MC to its physiological duration – 31±12.04 days (vs 44±19.51 days at the 1st visit; p=0.001), a decrease in the rate of heavy bloody vaginal discharge by 2.57 times (p=0.001), an increase in the rate of moderate bloody vaginal discharge by 1,62 times (p=0.001), an increase in the proportion of patients with regular MC by 2.69 times (p=0.001). These changes were accompanied by a decrease in BM (-3 kg; p=0.001), a decrease in WC (-2.5 cm; p=0.001). Laboratory tests revealed a decrease in serum glucose (-1.3 mmol/L; p<0.05), free testosterone (-0.4 pg/L; p<0.05), luteinizing hormone (-0.8 mIU/ml; p<0.05), and an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (+0.1 mIU/ml; p<0.05) levels.

Conclusion. The results obtained (a decrease in BM, a decrease in BMI, WC, as well as MC restoration; p<0.05) make it possible to recommend Dikirogen containing MI and DCI in a 5:1 ratio as a part of comprehensive therapy for overweight and obese women with AUB-O.

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):402-406
pages 402-406 views

Estimation of the polymorphism of matrix metal proteinase genes in patients with endometrioid ovarian cysts

Dubrovina S.O., Berlim I.D., Vovkochina M.A., Mordanov S.V., Aleksandrina A.D.

Abstract

Aim. To determine the association of the MMP-9 genetic polymorphism with the risk of developing endometrioid ovarian cysts (ECC).

Materials and methods. 55 women aged 19 to 47 were examined. 27 women underwent surgery for ECC (group 1). The control (group 2) consisted of 28 patients without endometriosis and operated because of tubal infertility. Single nucleotide polymorphism was investigated. Genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.

Results. We did not find statistically significant differences between the group of patients with ECF and the control group in terms of age – 29.0 (25.95; 33.1), 34.5 (29.3; 37.0); p>0.05, body mass index – 21.2 (19.8; 22.6), 21.95 (20.4; 23.9), p>0.05, age of menarche onset – 13.0 (12.95; 14.0), 13.0 (12.0; 14.0), p>0.05, duration of menstrual bleeding – 5.0 (5.0; 5.0), 5.0 (5.0; 6.0), p>0.05 for the 1st and 2nd groups, respectively, also dysmenorrhea (χ2 0.019; p=0.8918), the number of births (χ2 3.441; p=0.3285) and abortions (χ2 2.822; p=0.0930) in anamnesis. The frequencies of all studied genotypes of metalloproteinase MMP-9 C (–1562) T of the MMP9 gene in the group of patients with ECF and the control group are in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (p=0.99, p=0.43 for 1 and 2 group) which excludes differences in the distribution of genotype frequencies of polymorphic loci of MMP9 genes in the group of patients with ECF and the control group. However, the result could be influenced by the severity of the disease and the size of the study groups.

Conclusion. Given the undoubted role of matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of genital endometriosis, further studies with large samples in various populations are needed.

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):407-412
pages 407-412 views

Uterine perfusion in patients with MMP2 gene polymorphisms

Filipenkova T.E., Shcherbakova L.N., Balatskiy A.V., Samokhodskaya L.M., Panina O.B.

Abstract

Aim. To investigate the effect of allelic polymorphisms of the MMP2 gene on uterine perfusion in patients planning pregnancy.

Materials and methods. 95 women planning pregnancy were examined. The patients underwent clinical and laboratory examination, analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms rs2285052 and rs243865 of the MMP2 gene, ultrasound examination on days 18–25 of the menstrual cycle with an assessment of the pulsatility index of blood flow of the uterine vessels and a qualitative assessment of endometrial and subendometrial perfusion. Depending on the genotype, the patients were divided into 3 groups: first – with haplotype rs2285052(A)rs243865(T), second – with haplotype rs2285052(A)rs243865(С), and a third control group with rs2285052(С/С)rs243865(С/С) genotype.

Results. Decreased perfusion in the subendometrial zone was found in 40.6, 44.4 and 19.4% of patients in the 1, 2 and 3 groups, respectively; decreased perfusion of endometrium – in 68.8, 55.6 and 36.1% of patients in the 1, 2 and 3 groups, respectively. Spiral arteries were not visualized in 28.1, 14.8 and 11.1% of patients in the 1, 2 and 3 groups, respectively. No statistical differences were found in the pulsatility index of uterine blood flow depending on the genotype.

Conclusion. In patients with the A rs2285052 and T rs243865 alleles of the MMP2 gene poor vascular patterns of the endometrium and subendometrial zone of the uterus were statistically significantly more frequent, which can lead to infertility. These associations are more pronounced for the rs2285052 polymorphism. The simultaneous determination of the rs2285052 and rs243865 polymorphisms does not provide additional information compared to the definition of rs2285052 alone.

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):413-420
pages 413-420 views

Risk factors and features of COVID-19 course in pregnant women: a comparative analysis of epidemic outbreaks in 2020 and 2021

Belokrinitskaya T.E., Frolova N.I., Kolmakova K.A., Shametova E.A.

Abstract

Aim. To compare risk factors, features of COVID-19 course and outcomes in pregnant women during epidemic increase in incidence in 2020 and 2021.

Materials and methods. The study included 163 pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within May – December 2020 (1st–2nd waves of the epidemic) and 158 pregnant women who had new coronavirus infection within May – August 2021 (3rd wave of the epidemic). Patients in all groups were comparable in age (18–35 years), social status, parity, body mass index, and had no known risk factors for COVID-19.

Results. Iron deficiency anemia, smoking, belonging to the Buryat ethnic group were recognized as persistent risk factors for COVID-19 in pregnant women. Over the 1st year of the pandemic, in pregnant women, the following clinical manifestations of novel coronavirus infection were commonly seen: anosmia (87.7%), somnolence (68.7%), shortness of breath even with a mild lung damage (68.1%). In the 3rd wave of the 2nd year of the pandemic, the leading signs and symptoms were cough (70.3% vs 38.7%, p<0.001), runny nose (46.2% vs 3.7%, p<0001), sore throat (367% vs 37%, p<0.001); an increase in body temperature above 38°C (19.6% vs 7,4%, p=0.006), pneumonia detected by computed tomography (61.4% vs 21.4%; p<0.001). There was a significant increase in the incidence of severe lung lesions (with computed tomography 3–4: 17.7% vs 4.9%; p<0.001) and admissions to intensive care units (11.4% vs 6.4%; p= 0041). There was a need for invasive mechanical ventilation (1.89% vs 0%; p=0.118). There was 1 death (0.63% vs 0%; p= 0.492), which was associated with the fulminant course of COVID-19.

Conclusion. Persistent COVID-19 confounders in pregnant women who have no known risk factors in the third trimester of gestation are iron deficiency anemia, smoking, and belonging to the Buryat ethnic group. The clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection has changed and became more unfavorable: symptoms of acute respiratory disease (cough, runny nose, sore throat) began to prevail, the rate and severity of pneumonia and rate of mortality increased.

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):421-427
pages 421-427 views

REVIEW

Predictors of preeclampsia. Screening and prophylaxis in the I trimester of pregnancy

Gabidullina R.I., Ganeeva A.V., Shigabutdinova T.N.

Abstract

Aim. To examine the current state of the problem of the prediction of preeclampsia in early pregnancy.

Materials and methods. The article provides an overview of publications based on search results in electronic resources PubMed, Elibrary, EMBASE and Google Scholar.

Results. The currently known predictors of preeclampsia can be divided into biochemical and hemodynamic. A number of markers demonstrate prognostic value already in the early stages of gestation. To predict preeclampsia, algorithms are created. They include various combinations of its predictors and maternal risk factors.

Conclusion. Prediction of preeclampsia is gradually moving from theory to practice. The instruments of its early forecasting – before the gestational age of 14 weeks 6 days – are becoming available. That opens up opportunities for targeted and timely prevention of preeclampsia.

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):428-434
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CLINICAL CASE

Effectiveness of treatment of the Asherman’s syndrome in women of reproductive age. Case report

Orazov M.R., Radzinsky V.E., Mihaleva L.M., Silantieva E.S., Khamoshina M.B., Ismailzade S.Y.

Abstract

The most urgent problem of modern gynecology is not just the treatment of intrauterine adhesive disease in fertile women, but the prevention of its recurrence. The lack of a systematic approach to management create grounds for searching for remedies with maximum anti-relapse effectiveness, minimum frequency of side effects. The purpose of the review is to consider the effectiveness of various types of treatment of intrauterine adhesions in women of reproductive age.

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):435-440
pages 435-440 views

In vitro fertilization and preimplantation genetic testing methods in infertility treatment of a woman with karyotype 46,XX,ins(13;4)(q34;p14p15.3),inv(4)(p14q12). Case report

Glinkina Z.I., Kulakova E.V., Lebedeva E.G., Kuzmicheva V.S., Makarova N.P.

Abstract

The frequency of structural chromosomal transpositions can range from 1.8 to 8% among patients with reproductive disorders. There are several types of the rarest chromosomal abnormalities: insertion (insertion of a chromosomal region) and inversion (rotation of a chromosome region). This article describes a clinical case of the infertility treatment using assisted reproductive technologies in a woman with a rare chromosomal abnormality: simultaneous insertion and inversion of chromosomes – 46, XX, ins (13;4)(q34;p14p15.3), inv(4)(p14q12). The structure and frequency of chromosomal aberrations were determined by high-throughput sequencing in preimplantation embryos. The result of the sequencing analysis showed that unbalanced variants for a known pathology were detected in 9 (56.3%) out of 16 observations, while in 6 (37%) only for a pathology known in the karyotype and in 3 (19%) they were presented simultaneously with the pathology of other chromosomes or with mosaicism. According to the results of the study, in preimplantation embryos, where one of the parents had chromosomal abnormalities, in addition to unbalanced variants, there is aneuploidy of other chromosomes not involved in the known pathology. They are described in 3 (21%) out of 14 observations of all identified pathology. In this regard, patients with aberrations in the karyotype are recommended, whenever possible, to carry out preimplantation genetic testing of structural rearrangements by methods allowed to analyze all chromosomes simultaneously. For example, high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina platform may become an alternative for prenatal diagnostics, which is performed in fertile couples with high risk of having a child with hereditary or congenital disorders. In the case of detection of chromosomal changes in the fetus, patients are faced with a number of ethical issues related to the necessity for medical abortion, which may contradict their religious and moral convictions.

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):441-444
pages 441-444 views

Endometriosis. Case report

Chechulina O.V., Danilova O.V.

Abstract

Extragenital endometriosis (EGE) is the rarest variant of endometrioid disease. This is a process in which a benign growth of tissue similar to the endometrium in morphological and functional properties occurs outside the uterine cavity. The manifestation of the disease has an erased course characteristic of other diseases and patients are more likely to end up in non-core departments, which is accompanied by errors in treatment tactics. According to the data of T.V. Dresvyanskaya et al., the frequency of EGE is 6–8% of the number of all cases of detection of endometrioid disease. The article presents a case of successful surgical treatment of EGE of rare localization.

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):445-447
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Pregnancy management in patients with uterine fibroids. Case report

Dobrokhotova I.E., Danelian S.Z., Borovkova E.I., Nagaitseva E.A., Sarakhova D.K., Selimshaeva D.S., Borovskaia K.A.

Abstract

Uterine fibroids (UF) are the most common tumor in women of reproductive age. The growth of myomatous nodes during pregnancy is non-linear and mainly occurs in the first trimester. In most cases, UF do not burden the course of pregnancy. Large size (>5 cm), retroplacental location, and/or deformity of the uterine cavity by the myomatous node are associated with increased risks of spontaneous miscarriage, placental abruption, bleeding, preterm birth, and cesarean section. Myomectomy during pregnancy is undesirable, with the development of pain syndrome, the use of acetaminophen is safe. Indications for cesarean section in UF are the presence of a large size of fibroids that prevent delivery through the natural birth canal, “red degeneration” of myomatous nodes, torsion of the subserous myomatous node (degree 2C).

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):448-453
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BEST PRACTICE

Prevention of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia in women of reproductive age

Orazov M.R., Mihaleva L.M., Orekhov R.E., Mullina I.A.

Abstract

Objective of this review is a systematic analysis of the data available in the current literature on the efficacy and safety of progestogens for the prevention of atypical endometrial hyperplasia (EH) in patients of reproductive age. EH is an excessive proliferation that results in increased volume and changes in endometrial tissue architectonics with an increase in the endometrial glands to stroma ratio of more than 1:1. This review will consider the use of progestogens for the prevention of (EH) based on evidence-based scientific evidence over the past 5 years. The expansion of the range of effective treatment options allows the adaptation of treatment to the needs of patients and offers a personalized approach to their management. Progestogens are an effective and safe method for the prevention of atypical hyperplasia, with a wide range of therapeutic benefits associated with reliable favorable fertility prognosis, especially in young women.

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):454-458
pages 454-458 views

NEWS

Optimization of therapy in menopause in specific patient groups

Abstract

From September 29 to October 1, 2021, Moscow hosted the XXII Russian Scientific and Educational Forum "Mother and Child" – the largest and most significant event for specialists in the field of obstetrics, gynecology and related fields of medicine. Within the framework of the congress, a round table meeting "Optimization of therapy in menopause in special groups of patients". We offer a review of speeches.

Gynecology. 2021;23(5):459-467
pages 459-467 views


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