Vol 21, No 2 (2019)

The review focuses on evaluating the effectiveness and acceptability of a vaginal ring and combined oral contraceptives (COC) in a comparative aspect. It is shown that the vaginal ring has high efficiency, comparable to COC, has better cycle control, fewer side effects, is convenient to use, there is no need for daily monitoring of the pill.

Aim. To assess the association between polymorphisms of FVL-1691G>A, FII-20210G>A, MTHFR-677C>T, MTHFR-1298А>C, РАІ-1-6755G>4G and their combinations in patients with recurrent early pregnancy losses (RPL). Materials and methods. This study included two groups of women (age range 20-35 years): 50 currently non-pregnant women with a history of 2-5 unexplained recurrent early spontaneous abortion and unknown causes of miscarriages (RPL group), and 50 currently non-pregnant women with a history of having given birth to at least one live baby and without a history of spontaneous abortion, preterm labor, stillbirth, preeclampsia and other pregnancy complications (control group). Gene polymorphisms were detected by the technique of polymerase chain reaction-real time. We have analyzed the frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, V-Kramer test, χ2 test, odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). General (χ2 test, df=2) and multiplicative (χ2 test, df=1) models of inheritance have been used to assess the presence of gene polymorphisms. Results. Significant association between heterozygotes genotype PAI-1-5G4G (72% vs 32%, p=0.000; OR 5.46; 95% CI 2.32-12.87) and RPL was found. Heterozygous genotype FII-20210GA was detected only in RPL group (4% vs 0%). Combinations of genetic polymorphisms of FVL-1691G>A, FII-20210G>A, MTHFR-677C>T, MTHFR-1298А>C, РАІ-1-6755G>4G increase the risk of RPL by 2.4 times (56% vs 20%; χ2=29.20, р=0.000; OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.52-8.97; strong V-Kramer association). The combination of two heterozygotes variants of minor alleles was found to be a risk factor for RPL (34% vs 10%; χ2=8.73, р=0.004; OR 4.64, 95% CI 1.55-3.84). Combined PAI-1-5G4G + FVL-1691GA genotypes was detected only in RPL group of women (2% vs 0%). No significant association between the combination of three heterozygotes variants of minor alleles and RPL. Conclusion. Our data suggest significant gene-gene interaction of the heterozygotes variants of minor alleles of FVL-1691G>A, FII-20210G>A, MTHFR-677C>T, MTHFR-1298А>C, РАІ-1-6755G>4G polymorphisms in patients with recurrent miscarriage. Combined genotypes FVL-1691GA/PAI-1-5G4G can be considered as a genetic molecular predictor of recurrent early pregnancy losses.

Hydatidiform mole (HM) is a disease of trophoblast tissue with saved proliferative potential and it develops after aberrant fertilization. Complete HM is characterized by a rapid increase in a size of the uterus, a significant increase in human b-chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), bleeding, symptoms of hyperthyroidism, severe vomiting of pregnant, and early preeclampsia. Thecalutein cysts are formed in the ovaries as a result of exposure to high titers of hCG and prolactin. Multiple pregnancy may be complicated by the development of complete and partial HM in one of the fetuses in one case for 20 000-100 000 pregnancies. The article presents a clinical case of pregnancy care of a 32-year-old woman with dichorial biamniotic twins and a complete HM of one fetus. Pregnancy occurred spontaneously, proceeded with threatening miscarriage up to 12 weeks, threatened preterm labor, pre-eclampsia from 24 weeks. The patient underwent induction of labor at 28 weeks due to severe pre-eclampsia, a live premature girl with a weight of 1030 g weight, height of 33 cm tall and Apgar score of 6/7 points was born. On the 40th day after birth, b-hCG level was negative.

Premenstrual syndrome is defined as a combination of physical and mental symptoms that have a significant impact on a woman’s quality of life and develop into the second phase of the menstrual cycle. Many patients have not been diagnosed, and therefore pathogenetic treatment is not carried out, although these complaints may disrupt the daily lives of patients and relationships with others. The article presents a review of the literature and studies that assessed the effectiveness of various treatment options (antidepressants, hormone therapy, lifestyle modification and herbal therapy).

Relevance. The article deals with one of the most common manifestations of human papillomavirus infection - condylomata acuminata/anogenital warts. Aim. To provide current information on human papillomavirus (HPV), its transmission pathways, epidemiology and pathogenesis of HPV-associated diseases of anogenital localization; to describe in detail clinical forms of anogenital warts; to discuss modern methods of anogenital warts treatment, including destructive (physical, chemical), surgical, immunological and combined ones; to show evidence of effectiveness for the use of inosine pranobex, an immunomodulator with antiviral activity, at genital warts of different localization; to present foreign and domestic studies data. Materials and methods. To write this review a search for domestic and foreign publications in Russian and international search systems (PubMed, eLibrary, etc.) for the last 2-15 years was conducted. The review includes articles from peer-reviewed literature. Conclusion. The use of inosine pranobex in combination with destructive methods for a treatment of HPV-associated diseases contributes to more active resolution of the pathological process, reduces a rate of relapses and prevents carcinogenesis due to effective elimination of HPV from lesions. The drug has a good tolerability, minimal side effects, could be used in individual dose and in combinations with other treatment methods that allows to use inosine pranobex for HPV treatment in a wide range of patients.

Background. Lack of adequate management of female patients with non-developing pregnancy often contributes to persistence of infectious agents in the uterine cavity. The developed clinical protocol for pregravid preparation includes a detailed examination of a woman who is planning a pregnancy, while a comprehensive examination of a married couple can improve perinatal outcomes. This protocol states: "differentiated approach based on determining high-risk groups allows to avoid pregravid excessive preparation". For this reason it is advisable to determine the risk group for miscarriage due to infections given patient medical history and clinical laboratory pregravid prognostic criteria. Aim. To determine patient medical history and pregravid clinical and laboratory prognostic criteria for a disorder of decidualization of inflammatory genesis during the first trimester of pregnancy. Outcomes and methods. A retrospective analysis of medical history data of 30 pregnant women with non-developing pregnancies in terms of 8-10 weeks (group 1) and with histologically confirmed deciduitis was carried out. Comparison group included 50 pregnant women with a favorable course of pregnancy (group 2). Results. Patient history risk factors for non-developing pregnancy with decidual membrane infectious-inflammatory disorders are a history of acute or chronic endometritis (RR=15.83 and OR=41.45); a history of miscarriages (RR=13.33 and OR=17.82); recurrent colpitis of various etiologies (specific, non-specific) in the pregravid period (RR=6.67 and OR=8.73); a history of postpartum endometritis (RR=6.11 and OR=9.07); an increment of the placenta in a previous pregnancy (RR=5.83 and OR=7.30); a history of frozen pregnancies (RR=4.67 and OR=4.37). Pregravid risk factors for a non-developing pregnancy are a lack of both increased echogenicity and coiled arteries visualization in a middle secretory phase of menstrual cycle in a pregravidary period (RR=15,00 and OR=36.00) and endometrium thickness <10 mm at 24th day of menstrual cycle in a pregravidary period (RR=7.22 and OR=11.98). There is no association of deciduitis with late miscarriages, antenatal fetal death and early neonatal death in previous pregnancies. Conclusions. Screening patient history risk factors for infectious complications of pregnancy, including a non-developing pregnancy with deciduitis has to be implicated into a practice of obstetrician-gynecologist when giving pregravidary training. Disorder of decidualization of the endometrium is a prognostically unfavorable background for the chorion, the amnion and the embryo itself pathology formation.

Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of the anti-adhesive barrier in the form of a gel based on carboxymethylcellulose 5 mg and sodium hyaluronate 2.5 mg with various techniques of surgical treatment of ectopic tubal pregnancy. Materials and methods. A randomized study was conducted on 98 women who underwent laparoscopic resection of the ampulla of the fallopian tube, together with a embryo, followed by neostomatoplasty or salpingostomy with or without an anti-adhesive barrier. The primary outcome of the study was the incidence of uterine pregnancy and its outcomes at 18 months of follow-up; secondary outcomes were the frequency of adhesions in the pelvis, the frequency of patency of the operated fallopian tube according to second look laparoscopy with chromohydrotubation by 3 months of follow-up. Results. At 3 months of follow-up, the use of an anti-adhesion barrier reduced the incidence of postoperative adhesions in the area of the operated fallopian tube and the degree of adhesions in the pelvis; increased the frequency of patency of the operated fallopian tube when performing laparoscopic resection of a portion of the ampulla of the fallopian tube, followed by neostomatoplasty. By the 18th month of observation, no statistically significant difference in the incidence of spontaneous pregnancy and its outcomes in the studied women was detected. Conclusion. Use of 5 mg carboxymethylcellulose and 2.5 mg sodium hyaluronate anti-adhesive barrier with various organ-preserving methods of surgical treatment of ectopic tubal pregnancy reduces the frequency and extent of postoperative adhesions in the area of the operated fallopian tube, in the small pelvis, but does not increase fertility in the postoperative period.